diff --git a/applications/osgviewer/osgviewer.cpp b/applications/osgviewer/osgviewer.cpp
index d66f92470..a860e8bb9 100644
--- a/applications/osgviewer/osgviewer.cpp
+++ b/applications/osgviewer/osgviewer.cpp
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2006 Robert Osfield 
+/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2010 Robert Osfield
  *
- * This application is open source and may be redistributed and/or modified   
+ * This application is open source and may be redistributed and/or modified
  * freely and without restriction, both in commericial and non commericial applications,
  * as long as this copyright notice is maintained.
- * 
+ *
  * This application is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
@@ -85,14 +85,16 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
         keyswitchManipulator->addMatrixManipulator( '2', "Flight", new osgGA::FlightManipulator() );
         keyswitchManipulator->addMatrixManipulator( '3', "Drive", new osgGA::DriveManipulator() );
         keyswitchManipulator->addMatrixManipulator( '4', "Terrain", new osgGA::TerrainManipulator() );
-        keyswitchManipulator->addMatrixManipulator( '5', "Spherical", new osgGA::SphericalManipulator() );
+        keyswitchManipulator->addMatrixManipulator( '5', "Orbit", new osgGA::OrbitManipulator() );
+        keyswitchManipulator->addMatrixManipulator( '6', "FirstPerson", new osgGA::FirstPersonManipulator() );
+        keyswitchManipulator->addMatrixManipulator( '7', "Spherical", new osgGA::SphericalManipulator() );
 
         std::string pathfile;
-        char keyForAnimationPath = '6';
+        char keyForAnimationPath = '8';
         while (arguments.read("-p",pathfile))
         {
             osgGA::AnimationPathManipulator* apm = new osgGA::AnimationPathManipulator(pathfile);
-            if (apm || !apm->valid()) 
+            if (apm || !apm->valid())
             {
                 unsigned int num = keyswitchManipulator->getNumMatrixManipulators();
                 keyswitchManipulator->addMatrixManipulator( keyForAnimationPath, "Path", apm );
@@ -130,7 +132,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
     // load the data
     osg::ref_ptr<osg::Node> loadedModel = osgDB::readNodeFiles(arguments);
-    if (!loadedModel) 
+    if (!loadedModel)
     {
         std::cout << arguments.getApplicationName() <<": No data loaded" << std::endl;
         return 1;
diff --git a/include/osgGA/FirstPersonManipulator b/include/osgGA/FirstPersonManipulator
index 802028b8a..dafb815a0 100644
--- a/include/osgGA/FirstPersonManipulator
+++ b/include/osgGA/FirstPersonManipulator
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2006 Robert Osfield
+/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2010 Robert Osfield
  *
  * This library is open source and may be redistributed and/or modified under
  * the terms of the OpenSceneGraph Public License (OSGPL) version 0.0 or
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
  * OpenSceneGraph Public License for more details.
  *
  * FirstPersonManipulator code Copyright (C) 2010 PCJohn (Jan Peciva)
- * while some pieces of code were reused from OSG.
+ * while some pieces of code were taken from OSG.
  * Thanks to company Cadwork (www.cadwork.ch) and
  * Brno University of Technology (www.fit.vutbr.cz) for open-sourcing this work.
 */
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class OSGGA_EXPORT FirstPersonManipulator : public StandardManipulator
 
         virtual bool handleMouseWheel( const osgGA::GUIEventAdapter& ea, osgGA::GUIActionAdapter& us );
 
-        virtual bool performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy );
+        virtual bool performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy );
         virtual bool performMouseDeltaMovement( const float dx, const float dy );
         virtual void applyAnimationStep( const double currentProgress, const double prevProgress );
         virtual bool startAnimationByMousePointerIntersection( const osgGA::GUIEventAdapter& ea, osgGA::GUIActionAdapter& us );
diff --git a/include/osgGA/FlightManipulator b/include/osgGA/FlightManipulator
index 2e2458bd9..b5ea50d56 100644
--- a/include/osgGA/FlightManipulator
+++ b/include/osgGA/FlightManipulator
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ class OSGGA_EXPORT FlightManipulator : public FirstPersonManipulator
         virtual bool flightHandleEvent( const osgGA::GUIEventAdapter& ea, osgGA::GUIActionAdapter& us );
 
         virtual bool performMovement();
-        virtual bool performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy );
-        virtual bool performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy );
-        virtual bool performMovementRightMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy );
+        virtual bool performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy );
+        virtual bool performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy );
+        virtual bool performMovementRightMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy );
 
         YawControlMode _yawMode;
 
diff --git a/include/osgGA/NodeTrackerManipulator b/include/osgGA/NodeTrackerManipulator
index 6a2beebce..cc94f4a2b 100644
--- a/include/osgGA/NodeTrackerManipulator
+++ b/include/osgGA/NodeTrackerManipulator
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ class OSGGA_EXPORT NodeTrackerManipulator : public OrbitManipulator
 
     protected:
 
-        virtual bool performMovementLeftMouseButton(const double dt, const double dx, const double dy);
-        virtual bool performMovementMiddleMouseButton(const double dt, const double dx, const double dy);
-        virtual bool performMovementRightMouseButton(const double dt, const double dx, const double dy);
+        virtual bool performMovementLeftMouseButton(const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy);
+        virtual bool performMovementMiddleMouseButton(const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy);
+        virtual bool performMovementRightMouseButton(const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy);
 
         osg::NodePath getNodePath() const;
 
diff --git a/include/osgGA/OrbitManipulator b/include/osgGA/OrbitManipulator
index 051477edd..5584f50bb 100644
--- a/include/osgGA/OrbitManipulator
+++ b/include/osgGA/OrbitManipulator
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2006 Robert Osfield
+/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2010 Robert Osfield
  *
  * This library is open source and may be redistributed and/or modified under
  * the terms of the OpenSceneGraph Public License (OSGPL) version 0.0 or
@@ -9,6 +9,11 @@
  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  * OpenSceneGraph Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * OrbitManipulator code Copyright (C) 2010 PCJohn (Jan Peciva)
+ * while some pieces of code were taken from OSG.
+ * Thanks to company Cadwork (www.cadwork.ch) and
+ * Brno University of Technology (www.fit.vutbr.cz) for open-sourcing this work.
 */
 
 #ifndef OSGGA_ORBIT_MANIPULATOR
@@ -31,7 +36,7 @@ class OSGGA_EXPORT OrbitManipulator : public StandardManipulator
 
         OrbitManipulator( int flags = DEFAULT_SETTINGS );
         OrbitManipulator( const OrbitManipulator& om,
-                            const osg::CopyOp& copyOp = osg::CopyOp::SHALLOW_COPY );
+                          const osg::CopyOp& copyOp = osg::CopyOp::SHALLOW_COPY );
 
         META_Object( osgGA, OrbitManipulator );
 
@@ -67,13 +72,14 @@ class OSGGA_EXPORT OrbitManipulator : public StandardManipulator
 
         virtual bool handleMouseWheel( const osgGA::GUIEventAdapter& ea, osgGA::GUIActionAdapter& us );
 
-        virtual bool performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy );
-        virtual bool performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy );
-        virtual bool performMovementRightMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy );
+        virtual bool performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy );
+        virtual bool performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy );
+        virtual bool performMovementRightMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy );
         virtual bool performMouseDeltaMovement( const float dx, const float dy );
         virtual void applyAnimationStep( const double currentProgress, const double prevProgress );
 
-        virtual void rotateTrackball( const float px0, const float py0, const float px1, const float py1 );
+        virtual void rotateTrackball( const float px0, const float py0,
+                                      const float px1, const float py1, const float scale );
         virtual void rotateWithFixedVertical( const float dx, const float dy );
         virtual void rotateWithFixedVertical( const float dx, const float dy, const osg::Vec3f& up );
         virtual void panModel( const float dx, const float dy, const float dz = 0.f );
diff --git a/include/osgGA/StandardManipulator b/include/osgGA/StandardManipulator
index cb2d0b463..ba73bf588 100644
--- a/include/osgGA/StandardManipulator
+++ b/include/osgGA/StandardManipulator
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2006 Robert Osfield
+/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2010 Robert Osfield
  *
  * This library is open source and may be redistributed and/or modified under
  * the terms of the OpenSceneGraph Public License (OSGPL) version 0.0 or
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
  * OpenSceneGraph Public License for more details.
  *
  * StandardManipulator code Copyright (C) 2010 PCJohn (Jan Peciva)
- * while some pieces of code were reused from OSG.
+ * while some pieces of code were taken from OSG.
  * Thanks to company Cadwork (www.cadwork.ch) and
  * Brno University of Technology (www.fit.vutbr.cz) for open-sourcing this work.
 */
@@ -89,9 +89,9 @@ class OSGGA_EXPORT StandardManipulator : public MatrixManipulator
         virtual bool handleMouseDeltaMovement( const osgGA::GUIEventAdapter& ea, osgGA::GUIActionAdapter& us );
 
         virtual bool performMovement();
-        virtual bool performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy );
-        virtual bool performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy );
-        virtual bool performMovementRightMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy );
+        virtual bool performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy );
+        virtual bool performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy );
+        virtual bool performMovementRightMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy );
         virtual bool performMouseDeltaMovement( const float dx, const float dy );
         virtual bool performAnimationMovement( const osgGA::GUIEventAdapter& ea, osgGA::GUIActionAdapter& us );
         virtual void applyAnimationStep( const double currentProgress, const double prevProgress );
@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ class OSGGA_EXPORT StandardManipulator : public MatrixManipulator
         void addMouseEvent( const osgGA::GUIEventAdapter& ea );
         void flushMouseEventStack();
         virtual bool isMouseMoving() const;
+        float getThrowScale( const double eventTimeDelta ) const;
         virtual void centerMousePointer( const osgGA::GUIEventAdapter& ea, osgGA::GUIActionAdapter& us );
 
         static void rotateYawPitch( osg::Quat& rotation, const double yaw, const double pitch,
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ class OSGGA_EXPORT StandardManipulator : public MatrixManipulator
         static void fixVerticalAxis( osg::Quat& rotation, const osg::Vec3d& localUp, bool disallowFlipOver );
         void fixVerticalAxis( osg::Vec3d& eye, osg::Quat& rotation, bool disallowFlipOver );
         static void fixVerticalAxis( const osg::Vec3d& forward, const osg::Vec3d& up, osg::Vec3d& newUp,
-                                    const osg::Vec3d& localUp, bool disallowFlipOver );
+                                     const osg::Vec3d& localUp, bool disallowFlipOver );
         virtual bool setCenterByMousePointerIntersection( const osgGA::GUIEventAdapter& ea, osgGA::GUIActionAdapter& us );
         virtual bool startAnimationByMousePointerIntersection( const osgGA::GUIEventAdapter& ea, osgGA::GUIActionAdapter& us );
 
diff --git a/include/osgGA/TerrainManipulator b/include/osgGA/TerrainManipulator
index 907bcd1cf..9ed2fedc0 100644
--- a/include/osgGA/TerrainManipulator
+++ b/include/osgGA/TerrainManipulator
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2006 Robert Osfield
+/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2010 Robert Osfield
  *
  * This library is open source and may be redistributed and/or modified under
  * the terms of the OpenSceneGraph Public License (OSGPL) version 0.0 or
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ public:
 
 protected:
 
-   virtual bool performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy );
-   virtual bool performMovementRightMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy );
+   virtual bool performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy );
+   virtual bool performMovementRightMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy );
 
    bool intersect( const osg::Vec3d& start, const osg::Vec3d& end, osg::Vec3d& intersection ) const;
    void clampOrientation();
diff --git a/include/osgGA/TrackballManipulator b/include/osgGA/TrackballManipulator
index 16321de69..92aba5526 100644
--- a/include/osgGA/TrackballManipulator
+++ b/include/osgGA/TrackballManipulator
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2006 Robert Osfield
+/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2010 Robert Osfield
  *
  * This library is open source and may be redistributed and/or modified under
  * the terms of the OpenSceneGraph Public License (OSGPL) version 0.0 or
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class OSGGA_EXPORT TrackballManipulator : public OrbitManipulator
 
         TrackballManipulator( int flags = DEFAULT_SETTINGS );
         TrackballManipulator( const TrackballManipulator& tm,
-                                const osg::CopyOp& copyOp = osg::CopyOp::SHALLOW_COPY );
+                              const osg::CopyOp& copyOp = osg::CopyOp::SHALLOW_COPY );
 
         META_Object( osgGA, TrackballManipulator );
 
diff --git a/src/osgGA/FirstPersonManipulator.cpp b/src/osgGA/FirstPersonManipulator.cpp
index 40342467b..8602ac34d 100644
--- a/src/osgGA/FirstPersonManipulator.cpp
+++ b/src/osgGA/FirstPersonManipulator.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2006 Robert Osfield
+/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2010 Robert Osfield
  *
  * This library is open source and may be redistributed and/or modified under
  * the terms of the OpenSceneGraph Public License (OSGPL) version 0.0 or
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
  * OpenSceneGraph Public License for more details.
  *
  * FirstPersonManipulator code Copyright (C) 2010 PCJohn (Jan Peciva)
- * while some pieces of code were reused from OSG.
+ * while some pieces of code were taken from OSG.
  * Thanks to company Cadwork (www.cadwork.ch) and
  * Brno University of Technology (www.fit.vutbr.cz) for open-sourcing this work.
 */
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ bool FirstPersonManipulator::handleMouseWheel( const GUIEventAdapter& ea, GUIAct
 
 
 // doc in parent
-bool FirstPersonManipulator::performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy )
+bool FirstPersonManipulator::performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy )
 {
    // world up vector
    CoordinateFrame coordinateFrame = getCoordinateFrame( _eye );
diff --git a/src/osgGA/FlightManipulator.cpp b/src/osgGA/FlightManipulator.cpp
index d2dbaf420..204ded5a7 100644
--- a/src/osgGA/FlightManipulator.cpp
+++ b/src/osgGA/FlightManipulator.cpp
@@ -146,27 +146,27 @@ bool FlightManipulator::performMovement()
     if (_ga_t0.get()==NULL || _ga_t1.get()==NULL) return false;
 
 
-    double dt = _ga_t0->getTime()-_ga_t1->getTime();
+    double eventTimeDelta = _ga_t0->getTime()-_ga_t1->getTime();
 
-    if (dt<0.0f)
+    if (eventTimeDelta<0.0f)
     {
-        notify(WARN) << "Manipulator warning dt = " << dt << std::endl;
-        dt = 0.0f;
+        notify(WARN) << "Manipulator warning: eventTimeDelta = " << eventTimeDelta << std::endl;
+        eventTimeDelta = 0.0f;
     }
 
     unsigned int buttonMask = _ga_t1->getButtonMask();
     if (buttonMask==GUIEventAdapter::LEFT_MOUSE_BUTTON)
     {
-        return performMovementLeftMouseButton(dt, 0., 0.);
+        performMovementLeftMouseButton(eventTimeDelta, 0., 0.);
     }
     else if (buttonMask==GUIEventAdapter::MIDDLE_MOUSE_BUTTON ||
         buttonMask==(GUIEventAdapter::LEFT_MOUSE_BUTTON|GUIEventAdapter::RIGHT_MOUSE_BUTTON))
     {
-        return performMovementMiddleMouseButton(dt, 0., 0.);
+        performMovementMiddleMouseButton(eventTimeDelta, 0., 0.);
     }
     else if (buttonMask==GUIEventAdapter::RIGHT_MOUSE_BUTTON)
     {
-        return performMovementRightMouseButton(dt, 0., 0.);
+        performMovementRightMouseButton(eventTimeDelta, 0., 0.);
     }
 
     float dx = _ga_t0->getXnormalized();
@@ -183,8 +183,8 @@ bool FlightManipulator::performMovement()
     Vec3d sv = lv^up;
     sv.normalize();
 
-    double pitch = -inDegrees(dy*50.0f*dt);
-    double roll = inDegrees(dx*50.0f*dt);
+    double pitch = -inDegrees(dy*50.0f*eventTimeDelta);
+    double roll = inDegrees(dx*50.0f*eventTimeDelta);
 
     Quat delta_rotate;
 
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ bool FlightManipulator::performMovement()
     {
         //float bank = asinf(sv.z());
         double bank = asinf(sv *getUpVector(cf));
-        double yaw = inRadians(bank)*dt;
+        double yaw = inRadians(bank)*eventTimeDelta;
 
         Quat yaw_rotate;
         //yaw_rotate.makeRotate(yaw,0.0f,0.0f,1.0f);
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ bool FlightManipulator::performMovement()
         delta_rotate = delta_rotate*yaw_rotate;
     }
 
-    lv *= (_velocity*dt);
+    lv *= (_velocity*eventTimeDelta);
 
     _eye += lv;
     _rotation = _rotation*delta_rotate;
@@ -220,23 +220,23 @@ bool FlightManipulator::performMovement()
 }
 
 
-bool FlightManipulator::performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy )
+bool FlightManipulator::performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy )
 {
     // pan model
-    _velocity += dt * (_acceleration + _velocity);
+    _velocity += eventTimeDelta * (_acceleration + _velocity);
     return true;
 }
 
 
-bool FlightManipulator::performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy )
+bool FlightManipulator::performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy )
 {
     _velocity = 0.0f;
     return true;
 }
 
 
-bool FlightManipulator::performMovementRightMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy )
+bool FlightManipulator::performMovementRightMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy )
 {
-    _velocity -= dt * (_acceleration + _velocity);
+    _velocity -= eventTimeDelta * (_acceleration + _velocity);
     return true;
 }
diff --git a/src/osgGA/NodeTrackerManipulator.cpp b/src/osgGA/NodeTrackerManipulator.cpp
index 71b648d9b..c44e0a6e4 100644
--- a/src/osgGA/NodeTrackerManipulator.cpp
+++ b/src/osgGA/NodeTrackerManipulator.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2006 Robert Osfield
+/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2010 Robert Osfield
  *
  * This library is open source and may be redistributed and/or modified under
  * the terms of the OpenSceneGraph Public License (OSGPL) version 0.0 or
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ void NodeTrackerManipulator::computePosition(const osg::Vec3d& eye,const osg::Ve
 
 
 // doc in parent
-bool NodeTrackerManipulator::performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy )
+bool NodeTrackerManipulator::performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy )
 {
     osg::Vec3d nodeCenter;
     osg::Quat nodeRotation;
@@ -297,14 +297,15 @@ bool NodeTrackerManipulator::performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double dt, co
 
     } else
         rotateTrackball( _ga_t0->getXnormalized(), _ga_t0->getYnormalized(),
-                         _ga_t1->getXnormalized(), _ga_t1->getYnormalized() );
+                         _ga_t1->getXnormalized(), _ga_t1->getYnormalized(),
+                         _thrown ? float( _delta_frame_time / eventTimeDelta ) : 1.f );
 
     return true;
 }
 
 
 // doc in parent
-bool NodeTrackerManipulator::performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy )
+bool NodeTrackerManipulator::performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy )
 {
     osg::Vec3d nodeCenter;
     osg::Quat nodeRotation;
@@ -315,11 +316,11 @@ bool NodeTrackerManipulator::performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double dt,
 
 
 // doc in parent
-bool NodeTrackerManipulator::performMovementRightMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy )
+bool NodeTrackerManipulator::performMovementRightMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy )
 {
     osg::Vec3d nodeCenter;
     osg::Quat nodeRotation;
     computeNodeCenterAndRotation(nodeCenter, nodeRotation);
 
-    return inherited::performMovementRightMouseButton(dt, dx, dy);
+    return inherited::performMovementRightMouseButton(eventTimeDelta, dx, dy);
 }
diff --git a/src/osgGA/OrbitManipulator.cpp b/src/osgGA/OrbitManipulator.cpp
index c8e42996a..0624f1b90 100644
--- a/src/osgGA/OrbitManipulator.cpp
+++ b/src/osgGA/OrbitManipulator.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2006 Robert Osfield
+/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2010 Robert Osfield
  *
  * This library is open source and may be redistributed and/or modified under
  * the terms of the OpenSceneGraph Public License (OSGPL) version 0.0 or
@@ -9,6 +9,11 @@
  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  * OpenSceneGraph Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * OrbitManipulator code Copyright (C) 2010 PCJohn (Jan Peciva)
+ * while some pieces of code were taken from OSG.
+ * Thanks to company Cadwork (www.cadwork.ch) and
+ * Brno University of Technology (www.fit.vutbr.cz) for open-sourcing this work.
 */
 
 #include <osgGA/OrbitManipulator>
@@ -191,33 +196,34 @@ bool OrbitManipulator::handleMouseWheel( const GUIEventAdapter& ea, GUIActionAda
 
 
 // doc in parent
-bool OrbitManipulator::performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy )
+bool OrbitManipulator::performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy )
 {
     // rotate camera
     if( getVerticalAxisFixed() )
         rotateWithFixedVertical( dx, dy );
     else
         rotateTrackball( _ga_t0->getXnormalized(), _ga_t0->getYnormalized(),
-                        _ga_t1->getXnormalized(), _ga_t1->getYnormalized() );
-   return true;
+                         _ga_t1->getXnormalized(), _ga_t1->getYnormalized(),
+                         getThrowScale( eventTimeDelta ) );
+    return true;
 }
 
 
 // doc in parent
-bool OrbitManipulator::performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy )
+bool OrbitManipulator::performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy )
 {
     // pan model
-    float scale = -0.3f * _distance;
+    float scale = -0.3f * _distance * getThrowScale( eventTimeDelta );
     panModel( dx*scale, dy*scale );
     return true;
 }
 
 
 // doc in parent
-bool OrbitManipulator::performMovementRightMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy )
+bool OrbitManipulator::performMovementRightMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy )
 {
     // zoom model
-    zoomModel( dy, true );
+    zoomModel( dy * getThrowScale( eventTimeDelta ), true );
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -228,7 +234,7 @@ bool OrbitManipulator::performMouseDeltaMovement( const float dx, const float dy
     if( getVerticalAxisFixed() )
         rotateWithFixedVertical( dx, dy );
     else
-        rotateTrackball( 0.f, 0.f, dx, dy );
+        rotateTrackball( 0.f, 0.f, dx, dy, 1.f );
 
     return true;
 }
@@ -290,8 +296,12 @@ void OrbitManipulator::OrbitAnimationData::start( const osg::Vec3d& movement, co
 
 
 /** Performs trackball rotation based on two points given, for example,
-    by mouse pointer on the screen.*/
-void OrbitManipulator::rotateTrackball( const float px0, const float py0, const float px1, const float py1 )
+    by mouse pointer on the screen.
+
+    Scale parameter is useful, for example, when manipulator is thrown.
+    It scales the amount of rotation based, for example, on the current frame time.*/
+void OrbitManipulator::rotateTrackball( const float px0, const float py0,
+                                        const float px1, const float py1, const float scale )
 {
     osg::Vec3d axis;
     float angle;
diff --git a/src/osgGA/StandardManipulator.cpp b/src/osgGA/StandardManipulator.cpp
index e09465c81..df076a679 100644
--- a/src/osgGA/StandardManipulator.cpp
+++ b/src/osgGA/StandardManipulator.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2006 Robert Osfield
+/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2010 Robert Osfield
  *
  * This library is open source and may be redistributed and/or modified under
  * the terms of the OpenSceneGraph Public License (OSGPL) version 0.0 or
@@ -9,11 +9,15 @@
  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  * OpenSceneGraph Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * StandardManipulator code Copyright (C) 2010 PCJohn (Jan Peciva)
+ * while some pieces of code were taken from OSG.
+ * Thanks to company Cadwork (www.cadwork.ch) and
+ * Brno University of Technology (www.fit.vutbr.cz) for open-sourcing this work.
 */
 
 #include <osgGA/StandardManipulator>
 #include <osgViewer/View>
-#include <cassert>
 
 using namespace osg;
 using namespace osgGA;
@@ -160,6 +164,7 @@ bool StandardManipulator::isAnimating() const
 }
 
 
+/// Finishes the animation by performing a step that moves it to its final position.
 void StandardManipulator::finishAnimation()
 {
     if( !isAnimating() )
@@ -425,11 +430,11 @@ bool StandardManipulator::performMovement()
         return false;
 
     // get delta time
-    double dt = _ga_t0->getTime() - _ga_t1->getTime();
-    if( dt < 0. )
+    double eventTimeDelta = _ga_t0->getTime() - _ga_t1->getTime();
+    if( eventTimeDelta < 0. )
     {
-        notify( INFO ) << "Manipulator warning: dt = " << dt << std::endl;
-        dt = 0.;
+        notify( WARN ) << "Manipulator warning: eventTimeDelta = " << eventTimeDelta << std::endl;
+        eventTimeDelta = 0.;
     }
 
     // get deltaX and deltaY
@@ -445,16 +450,16 @@ bool StandardManipulator::performMovement()
     unsigned int buttonMask = _ga_t1->getButtonMask();
     if( buttonMask == GUIEventAdapter::LEFT_MOUSE_BUTTON )
     {
-        return performMovementLeftMouseButton( dt, dx, dy );
+        return performMovementLeftMouseButton( eventTimeDelta, dx, dy );
     }
     else if( buttonMask == GUIEventAdapter::MIDDLE_MOUSE_BUTTON ||
             buttonMask == (GUIEventAdapter::LEFT_MOUSE_BUTTON | GUIEventAdapter::RIGHT_MOUSE_BUTTON) )
     {
-        return performMovementMiddleMouseButton( dt, dx, dy );
+        return performMovementMiddleMouseButton( eventTimeDelta, dx, dy );
     }
     else if( buttonMask == GUIEventAdapter::RIGHT_MOUSE_BUTTON )
     {
-        return performMovementRightMouseButton( dt, dx, dy );
+        return performMovementRightMouseButton( eventTimeDelta, dx, dy );
     }
 
     return false;
@@ -463,7 +468,7 @@ bool StandardManipulator::performMovement()
 
 /** Make movement step of manipulator.
     This method implements movement for left mouse button.*/
-bool StandardManipulator::performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy )
+bool StandardManipulator::performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy )
 {
     return false;
 }
@@ -472,7 +477,7 @@ bool StandardManipulator::performMovementLeftMouseButton( const double dt, const
 /** Make movement step of manipulator.
     This method implements movement for middle mouse button
     or combination of left and right mouse button pressed together.*/
-bool StandardManipulator::performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy )
+bool StandardManipulator::performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy )
 {
     return false;
 }
@@ -480,12 +485,13 @@ bool StandardManipulator::performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double dt, con
 
 /** Make movement step of manipulator.
     This method implements movement for right mouse button.*/
-bool StandardManipulator::performMovementRightMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy )
+bool StandardManipulator::performMovementRightMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy )
 {
     return false;
 }
 
 
+/// The method processes events for manipulation based on relative mouse movement (mouse delta).
 bool StandardManipulator::handleMouseDeltaMovement( const GUIEventAdapter& ea, GUIActionAdapter& us )
 {
     float dx = ea.getX() - _mouseCenterX;
@@ -501,12 +507,14 @@ bool StandardManipulator::handleMouseDeltaMovement( const GUIEventAdapter& ea, G
 }
 
 
+/// The method performs manipulator update based on relative mouse movement (mouse delta).
 bool StandardManipulator::performMouseDeltaMovement( const float dx, const float dy )
 {
    return false;
 }
 
 
+/// Makes the manipulator progress in its current animation.
 bool StandardManipulator::performAnimationMovement( const GUIEventAdapter& ea, GUIActionAdapter& us )
 {
     double f = (ea.getTime() - _animationData->_startTime) / _animationData->_animationTime;
@@ -527,11 +535,13 @@ bool StandardManipulator::performAnimationMovement( const GUIEventAdapter& ea, G
 }
 
 
+/// Updates manipulator by a single animation step
 void StandardManipulator::applyAnimationStep( const double currentProgress, const double prevProgress )
 {
 }
 
 
+/// Centers mouse pointer
 void StandardManipulator::centerMousePointer( const GUIEventAdapter& ea, GUIActionAdapter& us )
 {
     _mouseCenterX = (ea.getXmin() + ea.getXmax()) / 2.0f;
@@ -573,6 +583,18 @@ bool StandardManipulator::isMouseMoving() const
 }
 
 
+/** Returns the scale that should be applied on animation of "thrown" manipulator state
+    to avoid its dependency on varying frame rate.
+
+    eventTimeDelta parameter gives the time difference between last two
+    events that started the animation.*/
+float StandardManipulator::getThrowScale( const double eventTimeDelta ) const
+{
+    if( _thrown )  return float( _delta_frame_time / eventTimeDelta );
+    else  return 1.f;
+}
+
+
 /** Update rotation by yaw and pitch.
  *
  *  localUp parameter defines either camera's "UP" vector
@@ -628,6 +650,17 @@ void StandardManipulator::rotateYawPitch( Quat& rotation, const double yaw, cons
 }
 
 
+/** The method corrects the rotation to make impression of fixed up direction.
+ *  Technically said, it makes the roll component of the rotation equal to zero.
+ *
+ *  Up vector is given by CoordinateFrame and it is +z by default.
+ *  It can be changed by osgGA::MatrixManipulator::setCoordinateFrameCallback().
+ *
+ *  Eye parameter is user position, rotation is the rotation to be fixed, and
+ *  disallowFlipOver, when set on true, avoids pitch rotation component to grow
+ *  over +/- 90 degrees. If this happens and disallowFlipOver is true,
+ *  manipulator is rotated by 180 degrees. More precisely, roll rotation component is changed by 180 degrees,
+ *  making pitch once again between -90..+90 degrees limits.*/
 void StandardManipulator::fixVerticalAxis( Vec3d& eye, Quat& rotation, bool disallowFlipOver )
 {
    CoordinateFrame coordinateFrame = getCoordinateFrame( eye );
@@ -640,10 +673,11 @@ void StandardManipulator::fixVerticalAxis( Vec3d& eye, Quat& rotation, bool disa
 /** The method corrects the rotation to make impression of fixed up direction.
  *  Technically said, it makes the roll component of the rotation equal to zero.
  *
- *  Rotation parameter is the rotation to be fixed, localUp is UP vector, and
- *  disallowFlipOver when set on true avoids pitch rotation component to grow
+ *  rotation parameter is the rotation to be fixed.
+ *  localUp is UP vector and must not be zero length.
+ *  disallowFlipOver, when set on true, avoids pitch rotation component to grow
  *  over +/- 90 degrees. If this happens and disallowFlipOver is true,
- *  right and up camera vectors are negated (changing roll by 180 degrees),
+ *  manipulator is rotated by 180 degrees. More precisely, roll rotation component is changed by 180 degrees,
  *  making pitch once again between -90..+90 degrees limits.*/
 void StandardManipulator::fixVerticalAxis( Quat& rotation, const Vec3d& localUp, bool disallowFlipOver )
 {
@@ -660,8 +694,6 @@ void StandardManipulator::fixVerticalAxis( Quat& rotation, const Vec3d& localUp,
     if( newCameraRight * cameraRight < 0. )
         newCameraRight = -newCameraRight;
 
-    assert( newCameraRight.length2() > 0. );
-
     // vertical axis correction
     Quat rotationVerticalAxisCorrection;
     rotationVerticalAxisCorrection.makeRotate( cameraRight, newCameraRight );
@@ -684,8 +716,8 @@ void StandardManipulator::fixVerticalAxis( Quat& rotation, const Vec3d& localUp,
 /** The method corrects the rotation to make impression of fixed up direction.
  *  Technically said, it makes the roll component of the rotation equal to zero.
  *
- *  forward and up parameter is the forward and up vector of the camera.
- *  newUp will receive corrected UP camera vector. localUp is UP vector
+ *  forward and up parameters are the forward and up vectors of the manipulator.
+ *  newUp will receive corrected UP manipulator vector. localUp is UP vector
  *  that is used for vertical correction.
  *  disallowFlipOver when set on true avoids pitch rotation component to grow
  *  over +/- 90 degrees. If this happens and disallowFlipOver is true,
@@ -699,14 +731,27 @@ void StandardManipulator::fixVerticalAxis( const osg::Vec3d& forward, const osg:
     osg::Vec3d right2 = up ^ localUp;
     osg::Vec3d right = (right1.length2() > right2.length2()) ? right1 : right2;
 
-    // newUp
-    // note: do not use up and other parameters from now as they may point
-    //       to the same variable as newUp parameter
-    newUp = right ^ forward;
-    assert( newUp.length2() > 0. );
-    newUp.normalize();
+    // updatedUp
+    osg::Vec3d updatedUp = right ^ forward;
+    if( updatedUp.normalize() >= 0. )
+
+        // return updatedUp
+        newUp = updatedUp;
+
+    else {
+
+       // return original up
+       notify( WARN ) << "StandardManipulator::fixVerticalAxis warning: Can not update vertical axis." << std::endl;
+       newUp = up;
+
+    }
 }
 
+
+/** The method sends a ray into the scene and the point of the closest intersection
+    is used to set a new center for the manipulator. For Orbit-style manipulators,
+    the orbiting center is set. For FirstPerson-style manipulators, view is pointed 
+    towards the center.*/
 bool StandardManipulator::setCenterByMousePointerIntersection( const GUIEventAdapter& ea, GUIActionAdapter& us )
 {
     osg::View* view = us.asView();
diff --git a/src/osgGA/TerrainManipulator.cpp b/src/osgGA/TerrainManipulator.cpp
index ee0d9a097..196872bdb 100644
--- a/src/osgGA/TerrainManipulator.cpp
+++ b/src/osgGA/TerrainManipulator.cpp
@@ -200,10 +200,10 @@ bool TerrainManipulator::intersect( const Vec3d& start, const Vec3d& end, Vec3d&
 }
 
 
-bool TerrainManipulator::performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy )
+bool TerrainManipulator::performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy )
 {
     // pan model.
-    double scale = -0.3f*_distance;
+    double scale = -0.3f * _distance * getThrowScale( eventTimeDelta );
 
     Matrixd rotation_matrix;
     rotation_matrix.makeRotate(_rotation);
@@ -297,10 +297,10 @@ bool TerrainManipulator::performMovementMiddleMouseButton( const double dt, cons
 }
 
 
-bool TerrainManipulator::performMovementRightMouseButton( const double dt, const double dx, const double dy )
+bool TerrainManipulator::performMovementRightMouseButton( const double eventTimeDelta, const double dx, const double dy )
 {
     // zoom model
-    zoomModel( dy, false );
+    zoomModel( dy * getThrowScale( eventTimeDelta ), false );
     return true;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/osgGA/TrackballManipulator.cpp b/src/osgGA/TrackballManipulator.cpp
index 155487411..2992633a1 100644
--- a/src/osgGA/TrackballManipulator.cpp
+++ b/src/osgGA/TrackballManipulator.cpp
@@ -1,3 +1,16 @@
+/* -*-c++-*- OpenSceneGraph - Copyright (C) 1998-2010 Robert Osfield
+ *
+ * This library is open source and may be redistributed and/or modified under
+ * the terms of the OpenSceneGraph Public License (OSGPL) version 0.0 or
+ * (at your option) any later version.  The full license is in LICENSE file
+ * included with this distribution, and on the openscenegraph.org website.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * OpenSceneGraph Public License for more details.
+*/
+
 #include <osgGA/TrackballManipulator>
 
 using namespace osg;