diff --git a/src/button/ReactionToggleButton.tsx b/src/button/ReactionToggleButton.tsx
index b1d6ec3e..0d98173e 100644
--- a/src/button/ReactionToggleButton.tsx
+++ b/src/button/ReactionToggleButton.tsx
@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@ import { useReactions } from "../useReactions";
 import styles from "./ReactionToggleButton.module.css";
 import { ReactionOption, ReactionSet, ReactionsRowSize } from "../reactions";
 import { Modal } from "../Modal";
+import { CallViewModel } from "../state/CallViewModel";
+import { useObservableState } from "observable-hooks";
+import { map } from "rxjs";
 
 interface InnerButtonProps extends ComponentPropsWithoutRef<"button"> {
   raised: boolean;
@@ -158,22 +161,27 @@ export function ReactionPopupMenu({
 }
 
 interface ReactionToggleButtonProps extends ComponentPropsWithoutRef<"button"> {
-  userId: string;
+  identifier: string;
+  vm: CallViewModel;
 }
 
 export function ReactionToggleButton({
-  userId,
+  identifier,
+  vm,
   ...props
 }: ReactionToggleButtonProps): ReactNode {
   const { t } = useTranslation();
-  const { raisedHands, toggleRaisedHand, sendReaction, reactions } =
-    useReactions();
+  const { toggleRaisedHand, sendReaction } = useReactions();
   const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false);
   const [showReactionsMenu, setShowReactionsMenu] = useState(false);
   const [errorText, setErrorText] = useState<string>();
 
-  const isHandRaised = !!raisedHands[userId];
-  const canReact = !reactions[userId];
+  const isHandRaised = useObservableState(
+    vm.handsRaised.pipe(map((v) => !!v[identifier])),
+  );
+  const canReact = useObservableState(
+    vm.reactions.pipe(map((v) => !!v[identifier])),
+  );
 
   useEffect(() => {
     // Clear whenever the reactions menu state changes.
@@ -219,7 +227,7 @@ export function ReactionToggleButton({
       <InnerButton
         disabled={busy}
         onClick={() => setShowReactionsMenu((show) => !show)}
-        raised={isHandRaised}
+        raised={!!isHandRaised}
         open={showReactionsMenu}
         {...props}
       />
@@ -233,8 +241,8 @@ export function ReactionToggleButton({
       >
         <ReactionPopupMenu
           errorText={errorText}
-          isHandRaised={isHandRaised}
-          canReact={!busy && canReact}
+          isHandRaised={!!isHandRaised}
+          canReact={!busy && !!canReact}
           sendReaction={(reaction) => void sendRelation(reaction)}
           toggleRaisedHand={wrappedToggleRaisedHand}
         />
diff --git a/src/room/CallEventAudioRenderer.tsx b/src/room/CallEventAudioRenderer.tsx
index 6412d23e..42ddae81 100644
--- a/src/room/CallEventAudioRenderer.tsx
+++ b/src/room/CallEventAudioRenderer.tsx
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
 Please see LICENSE in the repository root for full details.
 */
 
-import { ReactNode, useDeferredValue, useEffect, useMemo } from "react";
-import { filter, interval, map, scan, throttle } from "rxjs";
+import { ReactNode, useEffect } from "react";
+import { filter, interval, throttle } from "rxjs";
 
 import { CallViewModel } from "../state/CallViewModel";
 import joinCallSoundMp3 from "../sound/join_call.mp3";
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import handSoundOgg from "../sound/raise_hand.ogg?url";
 import handSoundMp3 from "../sound/raise_hand.mp3?url";
 import { useAudioContext } from "../useAudioContext";
 import { prefetchSounds } from "../soundUtils";
-import { useReactions } from "../useReactions";
 import { useLatest } from "../useLatest";
 
 // Do not play any sounds if the participant count has exceeded this
diff --git a/src/room/InCallView.tsx b/src/room/InCallView.tsx
index 7dbc6aec..ef1a65de 100644
--- a/src/room/InCallView.tsx
+++ b/src/room/InCallView.tsx
@@ -544,9 +544,10 @@ export const InCallView: FC<InCallViewProps> = ({
   if (supportsReactions) {
     buttons.push(
       <ReactionToggleButton
+        vm={vm}
         key="raise_hand"
         className={styles.raiseHand}
-        userId={client.getUserId()!}
+        identifier={`${client.getUserId()}:${client.getDeviceId()}`}
         onTouchEnd={onControlsTouchEnd}
       />,
     );
diff --git a/src/state/CallViewModel.ts b/src/state/CallViewModel.ts
index ec2c9c4b..9a638ee3 100644
--- a/src/state/CallViewModel.ts
+++ b/src/state/CallViewModel.ts
@@ -1118,7 +1118,7 @@ export class CallViewModel extends ViewModel {
   );
 
   public readonly handsRaised = new Subject<Record<string, Date>>();
-  private readonly reactions = new Subject<Record<string, ReactionOption>>();
+  public readonly reactions = new Subject<Record<string, ReactionOption>>();
 
   public updateReactions(data: ReturnType<typeof useReactions>) {
     this.handsRaised.next(data.raisedHands);
diff --git a/src/useReactions.tsx b/src/useReactions.tsx
index 79898b93..a250fbf3 100644
--- a/src/useReactions.tsx
+++ b/src/useReactions.tsx
@@ -37,8 +37,14 @@ import {
 import { useLatest } from "./useLatest";
 
 interface ReactionsContextType {
+  /**
+   * identifier (userId:deviceId => Date)
+   */
   raisedHands: Record<string, Date>;
   supportsReactions: boolean;
+  /**
+   * reactions (userId:deviceId => Date)
+   */
   reactions: Record<string, ReactionOption>;
   toggleRaisedHand: () => Promise<void>;
   sendReaction: (reaction: ReactionOption) => Promise<void>;
@@ -92,6 +98,24 @@ export const ReactionsProvider = ({
     clientState?.state === "valid" && clientState.supportedFeatures.reactions;
   const room = rtcSession.room;
   const myUserId = room.client.getUserId();
+  const myDeviceId = room.client.getDeviceId();
+
+  const latestMemberships = useLatest(memberships);
+  const latestRaisedHands = useLatest(raisedHands);
+
+  const myMembershipEvent = useMemo(
+    () =>
+      memberships.find(
+        (m) => m.sender === myUserId && m.deviceId === myDeviceId,
+      )?.eventId,
+    [memberships, myUserId],
+  );
+  const myMembershipIdentifier = useMemo(() => {
+    const membership = memberships.find((m) => m.sender === myUserId);
+    return membership
+      ? `${membership.sender}:${membership.deviceId}`
+      : undefined;
+  }, [memberships, myUserId]);
 
   const [reactions, setReactions] = useState<Record<string, ReactionOption>>(
     {},
@@ -177,21 +201,8 @@ export const ReactionsProvider = ({
     // Ignoring raisedHands here because we don't want to trigger each time the raised
     // hands set is updated.
     // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
-  }, [room, memberships, myUserId, addRaisedHand, removeRaisedHand]);
+  }, [room, memberships, addRaisedHand, removeRaisedHand]);
 
-  const latestMemberships = useLatest(memberships);
-  const latestRaisedHands = useLatest(raisedHands);
-
-  const myMembershipEvent = useMemo(
-    () => memberships.find((m) => m.sender === myUserId)?.eventId,
-    [memberships, myUserId],
-  );
-  const myMembershipIdentifier = useMemo(() => {
-    const membership = memberships.find((m) => m.sender === myUserId);
-    return membership
-      ? `${membership.sender}:${membership.deviceId}`
-      : undefined;
-  }, [memberships, myUserId]);
   // This effect handles any *live* reaction/redactions in the room.
   useEffect(() => {
     const reactionTimeouts = new Set<number>();
@@ -215,18 +226,18 @@ export const ReactionsProvider = ({
         const content: ECallReactionEventContent = event.getContent();
 
         const membershipEventId = content?.["m.relates_to"]?.event_id;
+        const membershipEvent = latestMemberships.current.find(
+          (e) => e.eventId === membershipEventId && e.sender === sender,
+        );
         // Check to see if this reaction was made to a membership event (and the
         // sender of the reaction matches the membership)
-        if (
-          !latestMemberships.current.some(
-            (e) => e.eventId === membershipEventId && e.sender === sender,
-          )
-        ) {
+        if (!membershipEvent) {
           logger.warn(
             `Reaction target was not a membership event for ${sender}, ignoring`,
           );
           return;
         }
+        const identifier = `${membershipEvent.sender}:${membershipEvent.deviceId}`;
 
         if (!content.emoji) {
           logger.warn(`Reaction had no emoji from ${reactionEventId}`);
@@ -256,19 +267,21 @@ export const ReactionsProvider = ({
         };
 
         setReactions((reactions) => {
-          if (reactions[sender]) {
+          if (reactions[identifier]) {
             // We've still got a reaction from this user, ignore it to prevent spamming
             return reactions;
           }
           const timeout = window.setTimeout(() => {
             // Clear the reaction after some time.
-            setReactions(({ [sender]: _unused, ...remaining }) => remaining);
+            setReactions(
+              ({ [identifier]: _unused, ...remaining }) => remaining,
+            );
             reactionTimeouts.delete(timeout);
           }, REACTION_ACTIVE_TIME_MS);
           reactionTimeouts.add(timeout);
           return {
             ...reactions,
-            [sender]: reaction,
+            [identifier]: reaction,
           };
         });
       } else if (event.getType() === EventType.Reaction) {
@@ -380,7 +393,7 @@ export const ReactionsProvider = ({
 
   const sendReaction = useCallback(
     async (reaction: ReactionOption) => {
-      if (!myUserId || reactions[myUserId]) {
+      if (!myMembershipIdentifier || !reactions[myMembershipIdentifier]) {
         // We're still reacting
         return;
       }
@@ -400,7 +413,7 @@ export const ReactionsProvider = ({
         },
       );
     },
-    [myMembershipEvent, reactions, room, myUserId, rtcSession],
+    [myMembershipEvent, reactions, room, myMembershipIdentifier, rtcSession],
   );
 
   return (