diff --git a/src/pg/sql/41_observatory_augmentation.sql b/src/pg/sql/41_observatory_augmentation.sql
index 11193a8..3dc3512 100644
--- a/src/pg/sql/41_observatory_augmentation.sql
+++ b/src/pg/sql/41_observatory_augmentation.sql
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ BEGIN
                                    WHERE ST_Intersects(%L, geom.%I)
                                      AND ST_Area(ST_Intersection(%L, geom.%I)) / ST_Area(geom.%I) > 0)
                     SELECT SUM(numer.%I * (SELECT _geom.overlap FROM _geom WHERE _geom.geom_ref = numer.%I)) /
-                           ST_Area(%L::Geography)
+                           (ST_Area(%L::Geography) / 1000000)
                     FROM observatory.%I numer
                     WHERE numer.%I = ANY ((SELECT ARRAY_AGG(geom_ref) FROM _geom)::TEXT[])',
                 geom, geom_colname, geom_colname,
diff --git a/src/pg/test/expected/41_observatory_augmentation_test.out b/src/pg/test/expected/41_observatory_augmentation_test.out
index c0476a6..c95323c 100644
--- a/src/pg/test/expected/41_observatory_augmentation_test.out
+++ b/src/pg/test/expected/41_observatory_augmentation_test.out
@@ -42,9 +42,21 @@ t
 obs_getmeasure_total_pop_point_test
 t
 (1 row)
+obs_getmeasure_total_pop_point_null_normalization_test
+t
+(1 row)
+obs_getmeasure_total_pop_point_area_test
+t
+(1 row)
 obs_getmeasure_total_pop_polygon_test
 t
 (1 row)
+obs_getmeasure_total_pop_polygon_null_normalization_test
+t
+(1 row)
+obs_getmeasure_total_pop_polygon_area_test
+t
+(1 row)
 obs_getmeasure_total_male_point_denominator
 t
 (1 row)
diff --git a/src/pg/test/sql/41_observatory_augmentation_test.sql b/src/pg/test/sql/41_observatory_augmentation_test.sql
index cf162f4..3b7b2e6 100644
--- a/src/pg/test/sql/41_observatory_augmentation_test.sql
+++ b/src/pg/test/sql/41_observatory_augmentation_test.sql
@@ -148,6 +148,22 @@ SELECT abs(OBS_GetMeasure_total_pop_point - 10923.093200390833950) / 10923.09320
     'us.census.acs.B01003001'
 ) As t(OBS_GetMeasure_total_pop_point);
 
+-- Point-based OBS_GetMeasure, default normalization by NULL (area)
+-- is result within 0.1% of expected
+SELECT abs(OBS_GetMeasure_total_pop_point_null_normalization - 10923.093200390833950) / 10923.093200390833950 < 0.001 As OBS_GetMeasure_total_pop_point_null_normalization_test FROM
+  cdb_observatory.OBS_GetMeasure(
+    cdb_observatory._TestPoint(),
+    'us.census.acs.B01003001', NULL
+) As t(OBS_GetMeasure_total_pop_point_null_normalization);
+
+-- Point-based OBS_GetMeasure, explicit area normalization area
+-- is result within 0.1% of expected
+SELECT abs(OBS_GetMeasure_total_pop_point_area - 10923.093200390833950) / 10923.093200390833950 < 0.001 As OBS_GetMeasure_total_pop_point_area_test FROM
+  cdb_observatory.OBS_GetMeasure(
+    cdb_observatory._TestPoint(),
+    'us.census.acs.B01003001', 'area'
+) As t(OBS_GetMeasure_total_pop_point_area);
+
 -- Poly-based OBS_GetMeasure, default normalization (none)
 -- is result within 0.1% of expected
 SELECT abs(OBS_GetMeasure_total_pop_polygon - 12327.3133495107) / 12327.3133495107 < 0.001 As OBS_GetMeasure_total_pop_polygon_test FROM
@@ -156,6 +172,22 @@ SELECT abs(OBS_GetMeasure_total_pop_polygon - 12327.3133495107) / 12327.31334951
     'us.census.acs.B01003001'
 ) As t(OBS_GetMeasure_total_pop_polygon);
 
+-- Poly-based OBS_GetMeasure, default normalization by NULL (none)
+-- is result within 0.1% of expected
+SELECT abs(OBS_GetMeasure_total_pop_polygon_null_normalization - 12327.3133495107) / 12327.3133495107 < 0.001 As OBS_GetMeasure_total_pop_polygon_null_normalization_test FROM
+  cdb_observatory.OBS_GetMeasure(
+    cdb_observatory._TestArea(),
+    'us.census.acs.B01003001', NULL
+) As t(OBS_GetMeasure_total_pop_polygon_null_normalization);
+
+-- Poly-based OBS_GetMeasure, explicit area normalization
+-- is result within 0.1% of expected
+SELECT abs(OBS_GetMeasure_total_pop_polygon_area - 15787.4325563538) / 15787.4325563538 < 0.001 As OBS_GetMeasure_total_pop_polygon_area_test FROM
+  cdb_observatory.OBS_GetMeasure(
+    cdb_observatory._TestArea(),
+    'us.census.acs.B01003001', 'area'
+) As t(OBS_GetMeasure_total_pop_polygon_area);
+
 -- Point-based OBS_GetMeasure with denominator normalization
 SELECT (abs(cdb_observatory.OBS_GetMeasure(
   cdb_observatory._TestPoint(),