Merge branch 'robin/switch-camera-tile' into robin/reactions-small

2026-01-18 02:32:27 +00:00 · 2025-08-14 16:39:51 +02:00
parent 735d63d393 0ed47c2588
commit aa0f3a1126
80 changed files with 2782 additions and 1783 deletions
--- a/.eslintrc.cjs
+++ b/.eslintrc.cjs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ module.exports = {
    ],
    // To encourage good usage of RxJS:
    "rxjs/no-exposed-subjects": "error",
-    "rxjs/finnish": "error",
+    "rxjs/finnish": ["error", { names: { "^this$": false } }],
  },
  settings: {
    react: {
--- a/.github/workflows/changelog-label.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/changelog-label.yml
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - uses: yogevbd/enforce-label-action@a3c219da6b8fa73f6ba62b68ff09c469b3a1c024 # 2.2.2
        with:
-          REQUIRED_LABELS_ANY: "PR-Bug-Fix,PR-Documentation,PR-Task,PR-Feature,PR-Improvement,PR-Developer-Experience,dependencies"
+          REQUIRED_LABELS_ANY: "PR-Bug-Fix,PR-Documentation,PR-Task,PR-Feature,PR-Improvement,PR-Developer-Experience,dependencies,PR-Breaking-Change"
          REQUIRED_LABELS_ANY_DESCRIPTION: "Select at least one 'PR-' label"
          BANNED_LABELS: "banned"
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ dist-ssr
 public/config.json
 backend/synapse_tmp/*
 /coverage
+config.json

 # Yarn
 yarn-error.log
--- a/backend/dev_livekit.yaml
+++ b/backend/dev_livekit.yaml
@@ -21,3 +21,5 @@ turn:
  external_tls: true
 keys:
  devkey: secret
+room:
+  auto_create: false
--- a/dev-backend-docker-compose.yml
+++ b/dev-backend-docker-compose.yml
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ services:
      # If the configured homeserver runs on localhost, it'll probably be using
      # a self-signed certificate
      - LIVEKIT_INSECURE_SKIP_VERIFY_TLS=YES_I_KNOW_WHAT_I_AM_DOING
+      - LIVEKIT_FULL_ACCESS_HOMESERVERS=*
    deploy:
      restart_policy:
        condition: on-failure
@@ -101,4 +102,6 @@ services:
    depends_on:
      - synapse
    networks:
-      - ecbackend
+      ecbackend:
+        aliases:
+          - matrix-rtc.m.localhost
--- a/docs/MSC4195_setup.drawio.png
+++ b/docs/MSC4195_setup.drawio.png
--- a/docs/self-hosting.md
+++ b/docs/self-hosting.md
@@ -145,10 +145,6 @@ server {
    {
        "type": "livekit",
        "livekit_service_url": "https://matrix-rtc-2.example.com/livekit/jwt"
-    },
-    {
-        "type": "nextgen_new_foci_type",
-        "props_for_nextgen_foci": "val"
    }
 ]
 ```
--- a/docs/url-params.md
+++ b/docs/url-params.md
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ These parameters are relevant to both [widget](./embedded-standalone.md) and [st

 | Name                                                    | Values                                                                                               | Required for widget                                                                               | Required for SPA             | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
 | ------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `intent`                                                | `start_call`, `join_existing`, `start_call_dm`, `join_existing_dm.                                   | No, defaults to `start_call`                                                                      | No, defaults to `start_call` | The intent is a special url parameter that defines the defaults for all the other parameters. In most cases it should be enough to only set the intent to setup element-call.                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
 | `allowIceFallback`                                      | `true` or `false`                                                                                    | No, defaults to `false`                                                                           | No, defaults to `false`      | Allows use of fallback STUN servers for ICE if the user's homeserver doesn’t provide any.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
 | `analyticsID` (deprecated: use `posthogUserId` instead) | Posthog analytics ID                                                                                 | No                                                                                                | No                           | Available only with user's consent for sharing telemetry in Element Web.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
 | `appPrompt`                                             | `true` or `false`                                                                                    | No, defaults to `true`                                                                            | No, defaults to `true`       | Prompts the user to launch the native mobile app upon entering a room, applicable only on Android and iOS, and must be enabled in config.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
@@ -59,7 +60,6 @@ These parameters are relevant to both [widget](./embedded-standalone.md) and [st
 | `header`                                                | `none`, `standard` or `app_bar`                                                                      | No, defaults to `standard`                                                                        | No, defaults to `standard`   | The style of headers to show. `standard` is the default arrangement, `none` hides the header entirely, and `app_bar` produces a header with a back button like you might see in mobile apps. The callback for the back button is `window.controls.onBackButtonPressed`.                                                                                                                             |
 | `hideScreensharing`                                     | `true` or `false`                                                                                    | No, defaults to `false`                                                                           | No, defaults to `false`      | Hides the screen-sharing button.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
 | `homeserver`                                            |                                                                                                      | Not applicable                                                                                    | No                           | Homeserver for registering a new (guest) user, configures non-default guest user server when creating a spa link.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
-| `intent`                                                | `start_call` or `join_existing`                                                                      | No, defaults to `start_call`                                                                      | No, defaults to `start_call` | The intent of the user with respect to the call. e.g. if they clicked a Start Call button, this would be `start_call`. If it was a Join Call button, it would be `join_existing`.                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
 | `lang`                                                  | [BCP 47](https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/bcp47) code                                                 | No                                                                                                | No                           | The language the app should use.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
 | `password`                                              |                                                                                                      | No                                                                                                | No                           | E2EE password when using a shared secret. (For individual sender keys in embedded mode this is not required.)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
 | `perParticipantE2EE`                                    | `true` or `false`                                                                                    | No, defaults to `false`                                                                           | No, defaults to `false`      | Enables per participant encryption with Keys exchanged over encrypted matrix room messages.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ These parameters are relevant to both [widget](./embedded-standalone.md) and [st
 | `skipLobby` (deprecated: use `intent` instead)          | `true` or `false`                                                                                    | No. If `intent` is explicitly `start_call` then defaults to `true`. Otherwise defaults to `false` | No, defaults to `false`      | Skips the lobby to join a call directly, can be combined with preload in widget. When `true` the audio and video inputs will be muted by default. (This means there currently is no way to start without muted video if one wants to skip the lobby. Also not in widget mode.)                                                                                                                      |
 | `theme`                                                 | One of: `light`, `dark`, `light-high-contrast`, `dark-high-contrast`                                 | No, defaults to `dark`                                                                            | No, defaults to `dark`       | UI theme to use.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
 | `viaServers`                                            | Comma separated list of [Matrix Server Names](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.12/appendices/#server-name) | Not applicable                                                                                    | No                           | Homeserver for joining a room, non-empty value required for rooms not on the user’s default homeserver.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
+| `sendNotificationType`                                  | `ring` or `notification`                                                                             | No                                                                                                | No                           | Will send a "ring" or "notification" `m.rtc.notification` event if the user is the first one in the call.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |

 ### Widget-only parameters

--- a/embedded/android/gradle/libs.versions.toml
+++ b/embedded/android/gradle/libs.versions.toml
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 # https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/platforms.html#sub::toml-dependencies-format

 [versions]
-android_gradle_plugin = "8.11.0"
+android_gradle_plugin = "8.11.1"

 [libraries]
 android_gradle_plugin = { module = "com.android.tools.build:gradle", version.ref = "android_gradle_plugin" }

 [plugins]
 android_library = { id = "com.android.library", version.ref = "android_gradle_plugin" }
-maven_publish = { id = "com.vanniktech.maven.publish", version = "0.33.0" }
+maven_publish = { id = "com.vanniktech.maven.publish", version = "0.34.0" }
--- a/embedded/android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
+++ b/embedded/android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
 distributionPath=wrapper/dists
-distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-8.14.2-all.zip
+distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-8.14.3-all.zip
 networkTimeout=10000
 validateDistributionUrl=true
 zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
--- a/embedded/android/lib/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/embedded/android/lib/build.gradle.kts
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@
 * Please see LICENSE files in the repository root for full details.
 */

-import com.vanniktech.maven.publish.SonatypeHost
-
 plugins {
    alias(libs.plugins.android.library)
    alias(libs.plugins.maven.publish)
@@ -27,7 +25,7 @@ android {
 }

 mavenPublishing {
-    publishToMavenCentral(SonatypeHost.CENTRAL_PORTAL, automaticRelease = true)
+    publishToMavenCentral(automaticRelease = true)

    signAllPublications()

--- a/locales/cs/app.json
+++ b/locales/cs/app.json
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@
    "video": "Video"
  },
  "developer_mode": {
+    "always_show_iphone_earpiece": "Zobrazit možnost sluchátek pro iPhone na všech platformách",
    "crypto_version": "Kryptografická verze: {{version}}",
    "debug_tile_layout_label": "Ladění rozložení dlaždic",
    "device_id": "ID zařízení: {{id}}",
@@ -173,6 +174,7 @@
    "devices": {
      "camera": "Fotoaparát",
      "camera_numbered": "Fotoaparát {{n}}",
+      "change_device_button": "Změnit zvukové zařízení",
      "default": "Výchozí",
      "default_named": "Výchozí <2> ({{name}}) </2>",
      "microphone": "Mikrofon",
--- a/locales/da/app.json
+++ b/locales/da/app.json
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@
    "video": "Video"
  },
  "developer_mode": {
+    "always_show_iphone_earpiece": "Vis mulighed for iPhone-høretelefon på alle platforme",
    "crypto_version": "Krypto-version: {{version}}",
    "debug_tile_layout_label": "Fejlfinding af fliselayout",
    "device_id": "Enheds-id: {{id}}",
@@ -70,6 +71,7 @@
    "livekit_server_info": "LiveKit Serverinfo",
    "livekit_sfu": "LiveKit SFU: {{url}}",
    "matrix_id": "Matrix ID: {{id}}",
+    "mute_all_audio": "Slå al lyd fra (deltagere, reaktioner, deltagelseslyde)",
    "show_connection_stats": "Vis forbindelsesstatistik",
    "show_non_member_tiles": "Vis fliser for medier fra ikke-medlemmer",
    "url_params": "URL-parametre",
@@ -80,7 +82,7 @@
  "error": {
    "call_is_not_supported": "Opkald er ikke understøttet",
    "call_not_found": "Opkald ikke fundet",
-    "call_not_found_description": "<0>Det link ser ikke ud til at høre til et eksisterende opkald. Tjek at du har det rigtige link, eller<1> opret et nyt</1>.</0>",
+    "call_not_found_description": "<0>Det link ser ikke ud til at høre til et eksisterende opkald. Tjek at du har det rigtige link, eller <2> opret et nyt</2>.</0>",
    "connection_lost": "Forbindelsen gik tabt",
    "connection_lost_description": "Du blev afbrudt fra opkaldet.",
    "e2ee_unsupported": "Inkompatibel browser",
@@ -164,12 +166,17 @@
      "effect_volume_description": "Juster den lydstyrke som reaktioner og håndsoprækninger afspilles med.",
      "effect_volume_label": "Lydstyrke for lydeffekter"
    },
+    "background_blur_header": "Baggrund",
+    "background_blur_label": "Gør videoens baggrund sløret",
+    "blur_not_supported_by_browser": "(Baggrundssløring understøttes ikke af denne enhed.)",
    "developer_tab_title": "Udvikler",
    "devices": {
      "camera": "Kamera",
      "camera_numbered": "Kamera {{n}}",
+      "change_device_button": "Skift lydenhed",
      "default": "Standard",
      "default_named": "Standard <2>({{name}})</2>",
+      "loudspeaker": "Højttaler",
      "microphone": "Mikrofon",
      "microphone_numbered": "Mikrofon {{n}}",
      "speaker": "Højttaler",
--- a/locales/de/app.json
+++ b/locales/de/app.json
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
  "error": {
    "call_is_not_supported": "Anrufe werden nicht unterstützt",
    "call_not_found": "Anruf nicht gefunden",
-    "call_not_found_description": "<0>Dieser Link scheint zu keinem bestehenden Anruf zu gehören. Vergewissern Sie sich, dass Sie den richtigen Link haben, oder <1> erstellen Sie einen neuen</1>. </0>",
+    "call_not_found_description": "<0>Dieser Link scheint zu keinem bestehenden Anruf zu gehören. Es sollte geprüft werden, ob der Link korrekt ist, oder <2>ein neuer erstellt werden</2>.</0>",
    "connection_lost": "Verbindung verloren",
    "connection_lost_description": "Ihre Verbindung zum Anruf wurde unterbrochen.",
    "e2ee_unsupported": "Inkompatibler Browser",
@@ -94,6 +94,8 @@
    "matrix_rtc_focus_missing": "Der Server ist nicht für die Verwendung mit {{brand}} konfiguriert. Bitte den Serveradministrator kontaktieren (Domain: {{domain}}, Fehlercode: {{ errorCode }}).",
    "open_elsewhere": "In einem anderen Tab geöffnet",
    "open_elsewhere_description": "{{brand}} wurde in einem anderen Tab geöffnet. Wenn das nicht richtig klingt, versuchen Sie, die Seite neu zu laden.",
+    "room_creation_restricted": "Anruf konnte nicht erstellt werden",
+    "room_creation_restricted_description": "Das Erstellen von Anrufen ist nur für autorisierte Nutzer möglich. Versuche es später erneut oder kontaktiere deinen Serveradministrator, falls das Problem weiterhin besteht.",
    "unexpected_ec_error": "Ein unerwarteter Fehler ist aufgetreten (<0>Fehlercode: </0> <1>{{ errorCode }}</1>). Bitte den Serveradministrator kontaktieren."
  },
  "group_call_loader": {
@@ -105,6 +107,11 @@
    "knock_reject_heading": "Zugriff verweigert",
    "reason": "Grund: {{reason}}"
  },
+  "handset": {
+    "overlay_back_button": "Zurück zum Lautsprechermodus",
+    "overlay_description": "Nur wenn App im Vordergrund nutzbar",
+    "overlay_title": "Ohrhörer Modus"
+  },
  "hangup_button_label": "Anruf beenden",
  "header_label": "Element Call-Startseite",
  "header_participants_label": "Teilnehmende",
@@ -173,9 +180,11 @@
    "devices": {
      "camera": "Kamera",
      "camera_numbered": "Kamera {{n}}",
+      "change_device_button": "Audiogerät wechseln",
      "default": "Standard",
      "default_named": "Standard<2> ({{name}} )</2>",
-      "earpiece": "Ohrhörer",
+      "handset": "Ohrhörer",
+      "loudspeaker": "Lautsprecher",
      "microphone": "Mikrofon",
      "microphone_numbered": "Mikrofon{{n}}",
      "speaker": "Lautsprecher",
--- a/locales/en/app.json
+++ b/locales/en/app.json
@@ -79,11 +79,6 @@
    "use_to_device_key_transport": "Use to device key transport. This will fallback to room key transport when another call member sent a room key"
  },
  "disconnected_banner": "Connectivity to the server has been lost.",
-  "earpiece": {
-    "overlay_back_button": "Back to Speaker Mode",
-    "overlay_description": "Only works while using app",
-    "overlay_title": "Earpiece Mode"
-  },
  "error": {
    "call_is_not_supported": "Call is not supported",
    "call_not_found": "Call not found",
@@ -99,6 +94,8 @@
    "matrix_rtc_focus_missing": "The server is not configured to work with {{brand}}. Please contact your server admin (Domain: {{domain}}, Error Code: {{ errorCode }}).",
    "open_elsewhere": "Opened in another tab",
    "open_elsewhere_description": "{{brand}} has been opened in another tab. If that doesn't sound right, try reloading the page.",
+    "room_creation_restricted": "Failed to create call",
+    "room_creation_restricted_description": "Call creation might be restricted to authorized users only. Try again later, or contact your server admin if the problem persists.",
    "unexpected_ec_error": "An unexpected error occurred (<0>Error Code:</0> <1>{{ errorCode }}</1>). Please contact your server admin."
  },
  "group_call_loader": {
@@ -110,6 +107,11 @@
    "knock_reject_heading": "Access denied",
    "reason": "Reason: {{reason}}"
  },
+  "handset": {
+    "overlay_back_button": "Back to Speaker Mode",
+    "overlay_description": "Only works while using app",
+    "overlay_title": "Handset Mode"
+  },
  "hangup_button_label": "End call",
  "header_label": "Element Call Home",
  "header_participants_label": "Participants",
@@ -181,7 +183,7 @@
      "change_device_button": "Change audio device",
      "default": "Default",
      "default_named": "Default <2>({{name}})</2>",
-      "earpiece": "Earpiece",
+      "handset": "Handset",
      "loudspeaker": "Loudspeaker",
      "microphone": "Microphone",
      "microphone_numbered": "Microphone {{n}}",
--- a/locales/et/app.json
+++ b/locales/et/app.json
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@
    "video": "Video"
  },
  "developer_mode": {
+    "always_show_iphone_earpiece": "Näita iPhone'i kuulari valikut kõikidel platvormidel",
    "crypto_version": "Krüptoteekide versioon: {{version}}",
    "debug_tile_layout_label": "Meediapaanide paigutus",
    "device_id": "Seadme tunnus: {{id}}",
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@
  "error": {
    "call_is_not_supported": "Kõne pole toetatud",
    "call_not_found": "Kõnet ei leidu",
-    "call_not_found_description": "<0>See link ei tundu olema seotud ühegi olemasoleva kõnega. Kontrolli, et sul on õige link või <1>loo uus</1>.</0>",
+    "call_not_found_description": "<0>See link ei tundu olema seotud ühegi olemasoleva kõnega. Kontrolli, et sul on õige link või <2>loo uus</2>.</0>",
    "connection_lost": "Ühendus on katkenud",
    "connection_lost_description": "Sinu ühendus selle kõnega on katkenud.",
    "e2ee_unsupported": "Mitteühilduv brauser",
@@ -93,6 +94,8 @@
    "matrix_rtc_focus_missing": "See server pole seadistatud töötama rakendusega {{brand}}. Palun võta ühendust serveri halduriga (domeen: {{domain}}, veakood: {{ errorCode }}).",
    "open_elsewhere": "Avatud teisel vahekaardil",
    "open_elsewhere_description": "{{brand}} on avatud teisel vahekaardil. Kui see ei tundu olema õige, proovi selle lehe uuesti laadimist.",
+    "room_creation_restricted": "Kõne loomine ei õnnestunud",
+    "room_creation_restricted_description": "Kõne loomine võib olla lubatud ainult volitatud kasutajatele. Proovi hiljem uuesti või probleemi püsimisel võta ühendust oma serveri haldajaga.",
    "unexpected_ec_error": "Tekkis ootamatu viga (<0>Veakood:</0> <1>{{ errorCode }}</1>). Palun võta ühendust serveri haldajaga."
  },
  "group_call_loader": {
@@ -104,6 +107,10 @@
    "knock_reject_heading": "Liitumine pole lubatud",
    "reason": "Põhjus"
  },
+  "handset": {
+    "overlay_back_button": "Tagasi esineja vaatesse",
+    "overlay_description": "See toimib vaid rakenduse kasutamise ajal"
+  },
  "hangup_button_label": "Lõpeta kõne",
  "header_label": "Avaleht: Element Call",
  "header_participants_label": "Osalejad",
@@ -172,8 +179,10 @@
    "devices": {
      "camera": "Kaamera",
      "camera_numbered": "Kaamera {{n}}",
+      "change_device_button": "Muuda heliseadet",
      "default": "Vaikimisi",
      "default_named": "Vaikimisi <2>({{name}})</2>",
+      "loudspeaker": "Valjuhääldi",
      "microphone": "Mikrofon",
      "microphone_numbered": "Mikrofon {{n}}",
      "speaker": "Kõlar",
--- a/locales/ru/app.json
+++ b/locales/ru/app.json
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@
    "video": "Видео"
  },
  "developer_mode": {
+    "always_show_iphone_earpiece": "Показать опцию наушников для iPhone на всех платформах",
    "crypto_version": "Версия криптографии: {{version}}",
    "debug_tile_layout_label": "Отладка расположения плиток",
    "device_id": "Идентификатор устройства: {{id}}",
@@ -70,6 +71,7 @@
    "livekit_server_info": "Информация о сервере LiveKit",
    "livekit_sfu": "LiveKit SFU: {{url}}",
    "matrix_id": "Matrix ID: {{id}}",
+    "mute_all_audio": "Отключить все звуки (участников, реакции, звуки присоединения)",
    "show_connection_stats": "Показать статистику подключений",
    "show_non_member_tiles": "Показать плитки для медиафайлов, не являющихся участниками",
    "url_params": "Параметры URL-адреса",
@@ -172,6 +174,7 @@
    "devices": {
      "camera": "Камера",
      "camera_numbered": "Камера {{n}}",
+      "change_device_button": "Изменить аудиоустройство",
      "default": "По умолчанию",
      "default_named": "По умолчанию <2>({{name}})</2>",
      "microphone": "Микрофон",
--- a/locales/sk/app.json
+++ b/locales/sk/app.json
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@
    "video": "Video"
  },
  "developer_mode": {
+    "always_show_iphone_earpiece": "Zobraziť možnosť slúchadla iPhone na všetkých platformách",
    "crypto_version": "Krypto verzia: {{version}}",
    "debug_tile_layout_label": "Ladenie rozloženia dlaždíc",
    "device_id": "ID zariadenia: {{id}}",
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@
  "error": {
    "call_is_not_supported": "Hovor nie je podporovaný",
    "call_not_found": "Hovor nebol nájdený",
-    "call_not_found_description": "<0>Zdá sa, že tento odkaz nepatrí k žiadnemu existujúcemu hovoru. Skontrolujte, či máte správny odkaz, alebo <1> vytvorte nový</1>. </0>",
+    "call_not_found_description": "<0>Zdá sa, že tento odkaz nepatrí k žiadnemu existujúcemu hovoru. Skontrolujte, či máte správny odkaz, alebo <2>vytvorte nový</2>.</0>",
    "connection_lost": "Strata spojenia",
    "connection_lost_description": "Boli ste odpojení od hovoru.",
    "e2ee_unsupported": "Nekompatibilný prehliadač",
@@ -173,8 +174,10 @@
    "devices": {
      "camera": "Kamera",
      "camera_numbered": "Kamera {{n}}",
+      "change_device_button": "Zmeniť zvukové zariadenie",
      "default": "Predvolené",
      "default_named": "Predvolené <2>({{name}})</2>",
+      "loudspeaker": "Reproduktor",
      "microphone": "Mikrofón",
      "microphone_numbered": "Mikrofón {{n}}",
      "speaker": "Reproduktor",
--- a/locales/sv/app.json
+++ b/locales/sv/app.json
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@
    "video": "Video"
  },
  "developer_mode": {
+    "always_show_iphone_earpiece": "Visa iPhone-hörsnäckealternativ på alla plattformar",
    "crypto_version": "Kryptoversion: {{version}}",
    "debug_tile_layout_label": "Felsök panelarrangemang",
    "device_id": "Enhets-ID: {{id}}",
@@ -70,6 +71,7 @@
    "livekit_server_info": "LiveKit-serverinfo",
    "livekit_sfu": "LiveKit SFU: {{url}}",
    "matrix_id": "Matrix-ID: {{id}}",
+    "mute_all_audio": "Tysta allt ljud (deltagare, reaktioner, anslutningsljud)",
    "show_connection_stats": "Visa anslutningsstatistik",
    "show_non_member_tiles": "Visa paneler för media som inte är medlemmar",
    "url_params": "URL-parametrar",
@@ -164,10 +166,14 @@
      "effect_volume_description": "Justera volymen vid vilken reaktioner och handuppräckningseffekter spelas",
      "effect_volume_label": "Ljudeffektsvolym"
    },
+    "background_blur_header": "Bakgrund",
+    "background_blur_label": "Gör bakgrunden i videon suddig",
+    "blur_not_supported_by_browser": "(Bakgrundssuddighet stöds inte av den här enheten.)",
    "developer_tab_title": "Utvecklare",
    "devices": {
      "camera": "Kamera",
      "camera_numbered": "Kamera {{n}}",
+      "change_device_button": "Byt ljudenhet",
      "default": "Förval",
      "default_named": "Förval <2>({{name}})</2>",
      "microphone": "Mikrofon",
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
    "@mediapipe/tasks-vision": "^0.10.18",
    "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.4.0",
    "@opentelemetry/core": "^2.0.0",
-    "@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-http": "^0.202.0",
+    "@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-http": "^0.203.0",
    "@opentelemetry/resources": "^2.0.0",
    "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base": "^2.0.0",
    "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-web": "^2.0.0",
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
    "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^8.31.0",
    "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^8.31.0",
    "@use-gesture/react": "^10.2.11",
-    "@vector-im/compound-design-tokens": "^4.0.0",
+    "@vector-im/compound-design-tokens": "^6.0.0",
    "@vector-im/compound-web": "^8.0.0",
    "@vitejs/plugin-react": "^4.0.1",
    "@vitest/coverage-v8": "^3.0.0",
--- a/playwright/errors.spec.ts
+++ b/playwright/errors.spec.ts
@@ -72,3 +72,56 @@ test("Should automatically retry non fatal JWT errors", async ({
  await hasRetriedPromise;
  await expect(page.getByTestId("video").first()).toBeVisible();
 });
+
+test("Should show error screen if call creation is restricted", async ({
+  page,
+}) => {
+  await page.goto("/");
+
+  // We need the socket connection to fail, but this cannot be done by using the websocket route.
+  // Instead, we will trick the app by returning a bad URL for the SFU that will not be reachable an error out.
+  await page.route(
+    "**/matrix-rtc.m.localhost/livekit/jwt/sfu/get",
+    async (route) =>
+      await route.fulfill({
+        status: 200,
+        contentType: "application/json",
+        body: JSON.stringify({
+          url: "wss://badurltotricktest/livekit/sfu",
+          jwt: "FAKE",
+        }),
+      }),
+  );
+
+  // Then if the socket connection fails, livekit will try to validate the token!
+  // Livekit will not auto_create anymore and will return a 404 error.
+  await page.route(
+    "**/badurltotricktest/livekit/sfu/rtc/validate?**",
+    async (route) =>
+      await route.fulfill({
+        status: 404,
+        contentType: "text/plain",
+        body: "requested room does not exist",
+      }),
+  );
+
+  await page.pause();
+
+  await page.getByTestId("home_callName").click();
+  await page.getByTestId("home_callName").fill("HelloCall");
+  await page.getByTestId("home_displayName").click();
+  await page.getByTestId("home_displayName").fill("John Doe");
+  await page.getByTestId("home_go").click();
+
+  // Join the call
+  await page.getByTestId("lobby_joinCall").click();
+
+  await page.pause();
+  // Should fail
+  await expect(page.getByText("Failed to create call")).toBeVisible();
+  await expect(
+    page.getByText(
+      /Call creation might be restricted to authorized users only/,
+    ),
+  ).toBeVisible();
+});
--- a/playwright/restricted-sfu.spec.ts
+++ b/playwright/restricted-sfu.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2025 New Vector Ltd.
+
+SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only OR LicenseRef-Element-Commercial
+Please see LICENSE in the repository root for full details.
+*/
+
+import { expect, test } from "@playwright/test";
+import { sleep } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/utils.js";
+
+test("Should request JWT token before starting the call", async ({ page }) => {
+  await page.goto("/");
+
+  let sfGetTimestamp = 0;
+  let sendStateEventTimestamp = 0;
+  await page.route(
+    "**/matrix-rtc.m.localhost/livekit/jwt/sfu/get",
+    async (route) => {
+      await sleep(2000); // Simulate very slow request
+      await route.continue();
+      sfGetTimestamp = Date.now();
+    },
+  );
+
+  await page.route(
+    "**/state/org.matrix.msc3401.call.member/**",
+    async (route) => {
+      await route.continue();
+      sendStateEventTimestamp = Date.now();
+    },
+  );
+
+  await page.getByTestId("home_callName").click();
+  await page.getByTestId("home_callName").fill("HelloCall");
+  await page.getByTestId("home_displayName").click();
+  await page.getByTestId("home_displayName").fill("John Doe");
+  await page.getByTestId("home_go").click();
+
+  // Join the call
+  await page.getByTestId("lobby_joinCall").click();
+  await page.waitForTimeout(4000);
+  // Ensure that the call is connected
+  await page
+    .locator("div")
+    .filter({ hasText: /^HelloCall$/ })
+    .click();
+
+  expect(sfGetTimestamp).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+  expect(sendStateEventTimestamp).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+  expect(sfGetTimestamp).toBeLessThan(sendStateEventTimestamp);
+});
+
+test("Error when pre-warming the focus are caught by the ErrorBoundary", async ({
+  page,
+}) => {
+  await page.goto("/");
+
+  await page.route("**/openid/request_token", async (route) => {
+    await route.fulfill({
+      status: 418, // Simulate an error not retryable
+    });
+  });
+
+  await page.getByTestId("home_callName").click();
+  await page.getByTestId("home_callName").fill("HelloCall");
+  await page.getByTestId("home_displayName").click();
+  await page.getByTestId("home_displayName").fill("John Doe");
+  await page.getByTestId("home_go").click();
+
+  // Join the call
+  await page.getByTestId("lobby_joinCall").click();
+
+  // Should fail
+  await expect(page.getByText("Something went wrong")).toBeVisible();
+});
--- a/playwright/sfu-reconnect-bug.spec.ts
+++ b/playwright/sfu-reconnect-bug.spec.ts
@@ -100,5 +100,5 @@ test("When creator left, avoid reconnect to the same SFU", async ({
  // https://github.com/element-hq/element-call/issues/3344
  // The app used to request a new jwt token then to reconnect to the SFU
  expect(wsConnectionCount).toBe(1);
-  expect(sfuGetCallCount).toBe(1);
+  expect(sfuGetCallCount).toBe(2 /* the first one is for the warmup */);
 });
--- a/src/AppBar.tsx
+++ b/src/AppBar.tsx
@@ -17,10 +17,7 @@ import {
  useState,
 } from "react";
 import { Heading, IconButton, Tooltip } from "@vector-im/compound-web";
-import {
-  ArrowLeftIcon,
-  CollapseIcon,
-} from "@vector-im/compound-design-tokens/assets/web/icons";
+import { CollapseIcon } from "@vector-im/compound-design-tokens/assets/web/icons";
 import { useTranslation } from "react-i18next";

 import { Header, LeftNav, RightNav } from "./Header";
@@ -45,7 +42,6 @@ interface Props {
 */
 export const AppBar: FC<Props> = ({ children }) => {
  const { t } = useTranslation();
-  const BackIcon = platform === "ios" ? CollapseIcon : ArrowLeftIcon;
  const onBackClick = useCallback((e: MouseEvent) => {
    e.preventDefault();
    window.controls.onBackButtonPressed?.();
@@ -69,7 +65,7 @@ export const AppBar: FC<Props> = ({ children }) => {
          <LeftNav>
            <Tooltip label={t("common.back")}>
              <IconButton onClick={onBackClick}>
-                <BackIcon />
+                <CollapseIcon />
              </IconButton>
            </Tooltip>
          </LeftNav>
--- a/src/UrlParams.test.ts
+++ b/src/UrlParams.test.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 import {
  getRoomIdentifierFromUrl,
  getUrlParams,
-  UserIntent,
+  HeaderStyle,
 } from "../src/UrlParams";

 const ROOM_NAME = "roomNameHere";
@@ -82,6 +82,16 @@ describe("UrlParams", () => {
        getRoomIdentifierFromUrl("", `?roomId=${ROOM_ID}`, "").roomId,
      ).toBe(ROOM_ID);
    });
+    it("(roomId with unprintable characters)", () => {
+      const invisibleChar = "\u2066";
+      expect(
+        getRoomIdentifierFromUrl(
+          "",
+          `?roomId=${invisibleChar}${ROOM_ID}${invisibleChar}`,
+          "",
+        ).roomId,
+      ).toBe(ROOM_ID);
+    });
  });

  it("ignores room alias", () => {
@@ -201,24 +211,68 @@ describe("UrlParams", () => {
  });

  describe("intent", () => {
-    it("defaults to unknown", () => {
-      expect(getUrlParams().intent).toBe(UserIntent.Unknown);
+    const noIntentDefaults = {
+      confineToRoom: false,
+      appPrompt: true,
+      preload: false,
+      header: HeaderStyle.Standard,
+      showControls: true,
+      hideScreensharing: false,
+      allowIceFallback: false,
+      perParticipantE2EE: false,
+      controlledAudioDevices: false,
+      skipLobby: false,
+      returnToLobby: false,
+      sendNotificationType: undefined,
+    };
+    const startNewCallDefaults = (platform: string): object => ({
+      confineToRoom: true,
+      appPrompt: false,
+      preload: true,
+      header: platform === "desktop" ? HeaderStyle.None : HeaderStyle.AppBar,
+      showControls: true,
+      hideScreensharing: false,
+      allowIceFallback: true,
+      perParticipantE2EE: true,
+      controlledAudioDevices: platform === "desktop" ? false : true,
+      skipLobby: true,
+      returnToLobby: false,
+      sendNotificationType: "notification",
+    });
+    const joinExistingCallDefaults = (platform: string): object => ({
+      confineToRoom: true,
+      appPrompt: false,
+      preload: true,
+      header: platform === "desktop" ? HeaderStyle.None : HeaderStyle.AppBar,
+      showControls: true,
+      hideScreensharing: false,
+      allowIceFallback: true,
+      perParticipantE2EE: true,
+      controlledAudioDevices: platform === "desktop" ? false : true,
+      skipLobby: false,
+      returnToLobby: false,
+      sendNotificationType: "notification",
+    });
+    it("use no-intent-defaults with unknown intent", () => {
+      expect(getUrlParams()).toMatchObject(noIntentDefaults);
    });

    it("ignores intent if it is not a valid value", () => {
-      expect(getUrlParams("?intent=foo").intent).toBe(UserIntent.Unknown);
+      expect(getUrlParams("?intent=foo")).toMatchObject(noIntentDefaults);
    });

    it("accepts start_call", () => {
-      expect(getUrlParams("?intent=start_call").intent).toBe(
-        UserIntent.StartNewCall,
-      );
+      expect(
+        getUrlParams("?intent=start_call&widgetId=1234&parentUrl=parent.org"),
+      ).toMatchObject(startNewCallDefaults("desktop"));
    });

    it("accepts join_existing", () => {
-      expect(getUrlParams("?intent=join_existing").intent).toBe(
-        UserIntent.JoinExistingCall,
-      );
+      expect(
+        getUrlParams(
+          "?intent=join_existing&widgetId=1234&parentUrl=parent.org",
+        ),
+      ).toMatchObject(joinExistingCallDefaults("desktop"));
    });
  });

@@ -250,9 +304,5 @@ describe("UrlParams", () => {
      );
      expect(getUrlParams("?header=none&hideHeader=false").header).toBe("none");
    });
-    it("converts hideHeader to the correct header value", () => {
-      expect(getUrlParams("?hideHeader=true").header).toBe("none");
-      expect(getUrlParams("?hideHeader=false").header).toBe("standard");
-    });
  });
 });
--- a/src/UrlParams.ts
+++ b/src/UrlParams.ts
@@ -8,10 +8,13 @@ Please see LICENSE in the repository root for full details.
 import { useMemo } from "react";
 import { useLocation } from "react-router-dom";
 import { logger } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/logger";
+import { type RTCNotificationType } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/matrixrtc";
+import { pickBy } from "lodash-es";

 import { Config } from "./config/Config";
 import { type EncryptionSystem } from "./e2ee/sharedKeyManagement";
 import { E2eeType } from "./e2ee/e2eeType";
+import { platform } from "./Platform";

 interface RoomIdentifier {
  roomAlias: string | null;
@@ -22,6 +25,8 @@ interface RoomIdentifier {
 export enum UserIntent {
  StartNewCall = "start_call",
  JoinExistingCall = "join_existing",
+  StartNewCallDM = "start_call_dm",
+  JoinExistingCallDM = "join_existing_dm",
  Unknown = "unknown",
 }

@@ -31,12 +36,12 @@ export enum HeaderStyle {
  AppBar = "app_bar",
 }

-// If you need to add a new flag to this interface, prefer a name that describes
-// a specific behavior (such as 'confineToRoom'), rather than one that describes
-// the situations that call for this behavior ('isEmbedded'). This makes it
-// clearer what each flag means, and helps us avoid coupling Element Call's
-// behavior to the needs of specific consumers.
-export interface UrlParams {
+/**
+ * The UrlProperties are used to pass required data to the widget.
+ * Those are different in different rooms, users, devices. They do not configure the behavior of the
+ * widget but provide the required data to the widget.
+ */
+export interface UrlProperties {
  // Widget api related params
  widgetId: string | null;
  parentUrl: string | null;
@@ -48,45 +53,11 @@ export interface UrlParams {
   * is also not validated, where it is in useRoomIdentifier().
   */
  roomId: string | null;
-  /**
-   * Whether the app should keep the user confined to the current call/room.
-   */
-  confineToRoom: boolean;
-  /**
-   * Whether upon entering a room, the user should be prompted to launch the
-   * native mobile app. (Affects only Android and iOS.)
-   *
-   * The app prompt must also be enabled in the config for this to take effect.
-   */
-  appPrompt: boolean;
-  /**
-   * Whether the app should pause before joining the call until it sees an
-   * io.element.join widget action, allowing it to be preloaded.
-   */
-  preload: boolean;
-  /**
-   * The style of headers to show. "standard" is the default arrangement, "none"
-   * hides the header entirely, and "app_bar" produces a header with a back
-   * button like you might see in mobile apps. The callback for the back button
-   * is window.controls.onBackButtonPressed.
-   */
-  header: HeaderStyle;
-  /**
-   * Whether the controls should be shown. For screen recording no controls can be desired.
-   */
-  showControls: boolean;
-  /**
-   * Whether to hide the screen-sharing button.
-   */
-  hideScreensharing: boolean;
-  /**
-   * Whether to use end-to-end encryption.
-   */
-  e2eEnabled: boolean;
  /**
   * The user's ID (only used in matryoshka mode).
   */
  userId: string | null;
+
  /**
   * The display name to use for auto-registration.
   */
@@ -124,14 +95,96 @@ export interface UrlParams {
   */
  posthogApiKey: string | null;
  /**
-   * Whether the app is allowed to use fallback STUN servers for ICE in case the
-   * user's homeserver doesn't provide any.
+   * Whether to use end-to-end encryption.
   */
-  allowIceFallback: boolean;
+  e2eEnabled: boolean;
  /**
   * E2EE password
   */
  password: string | null;
+  /** This defines the homeserver that is going to be used when joining a room.
+   * It has to be set to a non default value for links to rooms
+   * that are not on the default homeserver,
+   * that is in use for the current user.
+   */
+  viaServers: string | null;
+
+  /**
+   * This defines the homeserver that is going to be used when registering
+   * a new (guest) user.
+   * This can be user to configure a non default guest user server when
+   * creating a spa link.
+   */
+  homeserver: string | null;
+
+  /**
+   * The rageshake submit URL. This is only used in the embedded package of Element Call.
+   */
+  rageshakeSubmitUrl: string | null;
+
+  /**
+   * The Sentry DSN. This is only used in the embedded package of Element Call.
+   */
+  sentryDsn: string | null;
+
+  /**
+   * The Sentry environment. This is only used in the embedded package of Element Call.
+   */
+  sentryEnvironment: string | null;
+  /**
+   * The theme to use for element call.
+   * can be "light", "dark", "light-high-contrast" or "dark-high-contrast".
+   */
+  theme: string | null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The configuration for the app, which can be set via URL parameters.
+ * Those property are different to the UrlProperties, since they are all optional
+ * and configure the behavior of the app. Their value is the same if EC is used in
+ * the same context but with different accounts/users.
+ *
+ * Their defaults can be controlled by the `intent` property.
+ */
+export interface UrlConfiguration {
+  /**
+   * Whether the app should keep the user confined to the current call/room.
+   */
+  confineToRoom: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Whether upon entering a room, the user should be prompted to launch the
+   * native mobile app. (Affects only Android and iOS.)
+   *
+   * The app prompt must also be enabled in the config for this to take effect.
+   */
+  appPrompt: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Whether the app should pause before joining the call until it sees an
+   * io.element.join widget action, allowing it to be preloaded.
+   */
+  preload: boolean;
+  /**
+   * The style of headers to show. "standard" is the default arrangement, "none"
+   * hides the header entirely, and "app_bar" produces a header with a back
+   * button like you might see in mobile apps. The callback for the back button
+   * is window.controls.onBackButtonPressed.
+   */
+  header: HeaderStyle;
+  /**
+   * Whether the controls should be shown. For screen recording no controls can be desired.
+   */
+  showControls: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Whether to hide the screen-sharing button.
+   */
+  hideScreensharing: boolean;
+
+  /**
+   * Whether the app is allowed to use fallback STUN servers for ICE in case the
+   * user's homeserver doesn't provide any.
+   */
+  allowIceFallback: boolean;
+
  /**
   * Whether the app should use per participant keys for E2EE.
   */
@@ -154,47 +207,24 @@ export interface UrlParams {
   */
  returnToLobby: boolean;
  /**
-   * The theme to use for element call.
-   * can be "light", "dark", "light-high-contrast" or "dark-high-contrast".
+   * Whether and what type of notification EC should send, when the user joins the call.
   */
-  theme: string | null;
-  /** This defines the homeserver that is going to be used when joining a room.
-   * It has to be set to a non default value for links to rooms
-   * that are not on the default homeserver,
-   * that is in use for the current user.
-   */
-  viaServers: string | null;
+  sendNotificationType?: RTCNotificationType;
  /**
-   * This defines the homeserver that is going to be used when registering
-   * a new (guest) user.
-   * This can be user to configure a non default guest user server when
-   * creating a spa link.
+   * Whether the app should automatically leave the call when there
+   * is no one left in the call.
+   * This is one part to make the call matrixRTC session behave like a telephone call.
   */
-  homeserver: string | null;
-
-  /**
-   * The user's intent with respect to the call.
-   * e.g. if they clicked a Start Call button, this would be `start_call`.
-   * If it was a Join Call button, it would be `join_existing`.
-   */
-  intent: string | null;
-
-  /**
-   * The rageshake submit URL. This is only used in the embedded package of Element Call.
-   */
-  rageshakeSubmitUrl: string | null;
-
-  /**
-   * The Sentry DSN. This is only used in the embedded package of Element Call.
-   */
-  sentryDsn: string | null;
-
-  /**
-   * The Sentry environment. This is only used in the embedded package of Element Call.
-   */
-  sentryEnvironment: string | null;
+  autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft: boolean;
 }

+// If you need to add a new flag to this interface, prefer a name that describes
+// a specific behavior (such as 'confineToRoom'), rather than one that describes
+// the situations that call for this behavior ('isEmbedded'). This makes it
+// clearer what each flag means, and helps us avoid coupling Element Call's
+// behavior to the needs of specific consumers.
+export interface UrlParams extends UrlProperties, UrlConfiguration {}
+
 // This is here as a stopgap, but what would be far nicer is a function that
 // takes a UrlParams and returns a query string. That would enable us to
 // consolidate all the data about URL parameters and their meanings to this one
@@ -235,6 +265,17 @@ class ParamParser {
    return this.fragmentParams.get(name) ?? this.queryParams.get(name);
  }

+  public getEnumParam<T extends string>(
+    name: string,
+    type: { [s: string]: T } | ArrayLike<T>,
+  ): T | undefined {
+    const value = this.getParam(name);
+    if (value !== null && Object.values(type).includes(value as T)) {
+      return value as T;
+    }
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
  public getAllParams(name: string): string[] {
    return [
      ...this.fragmentParams.getAll(name),
@@ -242,10 +283,20 @@ class ParamParser {
    ];
  }

+  /**
+   * Returns true if the flag exists and is not "false".
+   */
  public getFlagParam(name: string, defaultValue = false): boolean {
    const param = this.getParam(name);
    return param === null ? defaultValue : param !== "false";
  }
+  /**
+   * Returns the value of the flag if it exists, or undefined if it does not.
+   */
+  public getFlag(name: string): boolean | undefined {
+    const param = this.getParam(name);
+    return param !== null ? param !== "false" : undefined;
+  }
 }

 /**
@@ -262,41 +313,95 @@ export const getUrlParams = (

  const fontScale = parseFloat(parser.getParam("fontScale") ?? "");

-  let intent = parser.getParam("intent");
-  if (!intent || !Object.values(UserIntent).includes(intent as UserIntent)) {
-    intent = UserIntent.Unknown;
-  }
-
-  // Check hideHeader for backwards compatibility. If header is set, hideHeader
-  // is ignored.
-  const header =
-    parser.getParam("header") ??
-    (parser.getFlagParam("hideHeader")
-      ? HeaderStyle.None
-      : HeaderStyle.Standard);
-
  const widgetId = parser.getParam("widgetId");
  const parentUrl = parser.getParam("parentUrl");
  const isWidget = !!widgetId && !!parentUrl;

-  return {
+  /**
+   * The user's intent with respect to the call.
+   * e.g. if they clicked a Start Call button, this would be `start_call`.
+   * If it was a Join Call button, it would be `join_existing`.
+   * This is a platform specific default set of parameters, that allows to minize the configuration
+   * needed to start a call. And empowers the EC codebase to control the platform/intent behavior in
+   * a central place.
+   *
+   * In short: either provide url query parameters of UrlConfiguration or set the intent
+   * (or the global defaults will be used).
+   */
+  const intent = !isWidget
+    ? UserIntent.Unknown
+    : (parser.getEnumParam("intent", UserIntent) ?? UserIntent.Unknown);
+  // Here we only use constants and `platform` to determine the intent preset.
+  let intentPreset: UrlConfiguration;
+  const inAppDefault = {
+    confineToRoom: true,
+    appPrompt: false,
+    preload: true,
+    header: platform === "desktop" ? HeaderStyle.None : HeaderStyle.AppBar,
+    showControls: true,
+    hideScreensharing: false,
+    allowIceFallback: true,
+    perParticipantE2EE: true,
+    controlledAudioDevices: platform === "desktop" ? false : true,
+    skipLobby: true,
+    returnToLobby: false,
+    sendNotificationType: "notification" as RTCNotificationType,
+    autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft: false,
+  };
+  switch (intent) {
+    case UserIntent.StartNewCall:
+      intentPreset = {
+        ...inAppDefault,
+        skipLobby: true,
+      };
+      break;
+    case UserIntent.JoinExistingCall:
+      intentPreset = {
+        ...inAppDefault,
+        skipLobby: false,
+      };
+      break;
+    case UserIntent.StartNewCallDM:
+      intentPreset = {
+        ...inAppDefault,
+        skipLobby: true,
+        autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft: true,
+      };
+      break;
+    case UserIntent.JoinExistingCallDM:
+      intentPreset = {
+        ...inAppDefault,
+        skipLobby: true,
+        autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft: true,
+      };
+      break;
+    // Non widget usecase defaults
+    default:
+      intentPreset = {
+        confineToRoom: false,
+        appPrompt: true,
+        preload: false,
+        header: HeaderStyle.Standard,
+        showControls: true,
+        hideScreensharing: false,
+        allowIceFallback: false,
+        perParticipantE2EE: false,
+        controlledAudioDevices: false,
+        skipLobby: false,
+        returnToLobby: false,
+        sendNotificationType: undefined,
+        autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft: false,
+      };
+  }
+
+  const properties: UrlProperties = {
    widgetId,
    parentUrl,
-
    // NB. we don't validate roomId here as we do in getRoomIdentifierFromUrl:
    // what would we do if it were invalid? If the widget API says that's what
    // the room ID is, then that's what it is.
    roomId: parser.getParam("roomId"),
    password: parser.getParam("password"),
-    // This flag has 'embed' as an alias for historical reasons
-    confineToRoom:
-      parser.getFlagParam("confineToRoom") || parser.getFlagParam("embed"),
-    appPrompt: parser.getFlagParam("appPrompt", true),
-    preload: isWidget ? parser.getFlagParam("preload") : false,
-    header: header as HeaderStyle,
-    showControls: parser.getFlagParam("showControls", true),
-    hideScreensharing: parser.getFlagParam("hideScreensharing"),
-    e2eEnabled: parser.getFlagParam("enableE2EE", true),
    userId: isWidget ? parser.getParam("userId") : null,
    displayName: parser.getParam("displayName"),
    deviceId: isWidget ? parser.getParam("deviceId") : null,
@@ -304,24 +409,9 @@ export const getUrlParams = (
    lang: parser.getParam("lang"),
    fonts: parser.getAllParams("font"),
    fontScale: Number.isNaN(fontScale) ? null : fontScale,
-    allowIceFallback: parser.getFlagParam("allowIceFallback"),
-    perParticipantE2EE: parser.getFlagParam("perParticipantE2EE"),
-    controlledAudioDevices: parser.getFlagParam(
-      "controlledAudioDevices",
-      // the deprecated property name
-      parser.getFlagParam("controlledMediaDevices"),
-    ),
-    skipLobby: parser.getFlagParam(
-      "skipLobby",
-      isWidget && intent === UserIntent.StartNewCall,
-    ),
-    // In SPA mode the user should always exit to the home screen when hanging
-    // up, rather than being sent back to the lobby
-    returnToLobby: isWidget ? parser.getFlagParam("returnToLobby") : false,
    theme: parser.getParam("theme"),
    viaServers: !isWidget ? parser.getParam("viaServers") : null,
    homeserver: !isWidget ? parser.getParam("homeserver") : null,
-    intent,
    posthogApiHost: parser.getParam("posthogApiHost"),
    posthogApiKey: parser.getParam("posthogApiKey"),
    posthogUserId:
@@ -329,6 +419,36 @@ export const getUrlParams = (
    rageshakeSubmitUrl: parser.getParam("rageshakeSubmitUrl"),
    sentryDsn: parser.getParam("sentryDsn"),
    sentryEnvironment: parser.getParam("sentryEnvironment"),
+    e2eEnabled: parser.getFlagParam("enableE2EE", true),
+  };
+
+  const configuration: Partial<UrlConfiguration> = {
+    confineToRoom: parser.getFlag("confineToRoom"),
+    appPrompt: parser.getFlag("appPrompt"),
+    preload: isWidget ? parser.getFlag("preload") : undefined,
+    // Check hideHeader for backwards compatibility. If header is set, hideHeader
+    // is ignored.
+    header: parser.getEnumParam("header", HeaderStyle),
+    showControls: parser.getFlag("showControls"),
+    hideScreensharing: parser.getFlag("hideScreensharing"),
+    allowIceFallback: parser.getFlag("allowIceFallback"),
+    perParticipantE2EE: parser.getFlag("perParticipantE2EE"),
+    controlledAudioDevices: parser.getFlag("controlledAudioDevices"),
+    skipLobby: isWidget ? parser.getFlag("skipLobby") : false,
+    // In SPA mode the user should always exit to the home screen when hanging
+    // up, rather than being sent back to the lobby
+    returnToLobby: isWidget ? parser.getFlag("returnToLobby") : false,
+    sendNotificationType: parser.getEnumParam("sendNotificationType", [
+      "ring",
+      "notification",
+    ]),
+    autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft: parser.getFlag("autoLeave"),
+  };
+
+  return {
+    ...properties,
+    ...intentPreset,
+    ...pickBy(configuration, (v?: unknown) => v !== undefined),
  };
 };

@@ -387,10 +507,16 @@ export function getRoomIdentifierFromUrl(

  // Make sure roomId is valid
  let roomId: string | null = parser.getParam("roomId");
-  if (!roomId?.startsWith("!")) {
-    roomId = null;
-  } else if (!roomId.includes("")) {
-    roomId = null;
+  if (roomId !== null) {
+    // Replace any non-printable characters that another client may have inserted.
+    // For instance on iOS, some copied links end up with zero width characters on the end which get encoded into the URL.
+    // This isn't valid for a roomId, so we can freely strip the content.
+    roomId = roomId.replaceAll(/^[^ -~]+|[^ -~]+$/g, "");
+    if (!roomId.startsWith("!")) {
+      roomId = null;
+    } else if (!roomId.includes("")) {
+      roomId = null;
+    }
  }

  return {
--- a/src/snapshots/AppBar.test.tsx.snap
+++ b/src/snapshots/AppBar.test.tsx.snap
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ exports[`AppBar > renders 1`] = `
              xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
            >
              <path
-                d="M12.207 5.293a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414L7.914 11H18.5a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H7.914l4.293 4.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-6-6a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l6-6a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0"
+                d="M12 11.034a1 1 0 0 0 .29.702l.005.005c.18.18.43.29.705.29h8a1 1 0 0 0 0-2h-5.586L22 3.445a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414L14 8.617V3.031a1 1 0 1 0-2 0zm0 1.963a1 1 0 0 0-.29-.702l-.005-.004A1 1 0 0 0 11 12H3a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h5.586L2 20.586A1 1 0 1 0 3.414 22L10 15.414V21a1 1 0 0 0 2 0z"
              />
            </svg>
          </div>
--- a/src/button/ReactionToggleButton.tsx
+++ b/src/button/ReactionToggleButton.tsx
@@ -24,8 +24,6 @@ import {
 import { useTranslation } from "react-i18next";
 import { logger } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/logger";
 import classNames from "classnames";
-import { useObservableState } from "observable-hooks";
-import { map } from "rxjs";

 import { useReactionsSender } from "../reactions/useReactionsSender";
 import styles from "./ReactionToggleButton.module.css";
@@ -36,6 +34,7 @@ import {
 } from "../reactions";
 import { Modal } from "../Modal";
 import { type CallViewModel } from "../state/CallViewModel";
+import { useBehavior } from "../useBehavior";

 interface InnerButtonProps extends ComponentPropsWithoutRef<"button"> {
  raised: boolean;
@@ -180,12 +179,8 @@ export function ReactionToggleButton({
  const [showReactionsMenu, setShowReactionsMenu] = useState(false);
  const [errorText, setErrorText] = useState<string>();

-  const isHandRaised = useObservableState(
-    vm.handsRaised$.pipe(map((v) => !!v[identifier])),
-  );
-  const canReact = useObservableState(
-    vm.reactions$.pipe(map((v) => !v[identifier])),
-  );
+  const isHandRaised = !!useBehavior(vm.handsRaised$)[identifier];
+  const canReact = !useBehavior(vm.reactions$)[identifier];

  useEffect(() => {
    // Clear whenever the reactions menu state changes.
--- a/src/config/ConfigOptions.ts
+++ b/src/config/ConfigOptions.ts
@@ -114,24 +114,29 @@ export interface ConfigOptions {
     * when someone leaves a call.
     */
    wait_for_key_rotation_ms?: number;
-    /** @deprecated use wait_for_key_rotation_ms instead */
-    key_rotation_on_leave_delay?: number;

    /**
     * The duration (in milliseconds) after the most recent keep-alive (delayed leave event restart)
     * that the server waits before sending the leave MatrixRTC membership event.
     */
    delayed_leave_event_delay_ms?: number;
-    /** @deprecated use delayed_leave_event_delay_ms instead */
-    membership_server_side_expiry_timeout?: number;
+
+    /**
+     * The time (in milliseconds) after which a we consider a delayed event restart http request to have failed.
+     * Setting this to a lower value will result in more frequent retries but also a higher chance of failiour.
+     *
+     * In the presence of network packet loss (hurting TCP connections), the custom delayedEventRestartLocalTimeoutMs
+     * helps by keeping more delayed event reset candidates in flight,
+     * improving the chances of a successful reset. (its is equivalent to the js-sdk `localTimeout` configuration,
+     * but only applies to calls to the `_unstable_updateDelayedEvent` endpoint with a body of `{action:"restart"}`.)
+     */
+    delayed_leave_event_restart_local_timeout_ms?: number;

    /**
     * The time interval (in milliseconds) at which the client sends membership keep-alive
     * messages to the server by restarting the timer for the delayed leave event.
     */
    delayed_leave_event_restart_ms?: number;
-    /** @deprecated use delayed_leave_event_restart_ms instead */
-    membership_keep_alive_period?: number;

    /**
     * How long we wait before retrying after a network error on any of the requests.
--- a/src/controls.ts
+++ b/src/controls.ts
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@ Please see LICENSE in the repository root for full details.
 */

 import { Subject } from "rxjs";
-import { logger as rootLogger } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/logger";
-
-const logger = rootLogger.getChild("[controlled-output]");
+import { logger } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/logger";

 export interface Controls {
  canEnterPip(): boolean;
--- a/src/grid/Grid.tsx
+++ b/src/grid/Grid.tsx
@@ -24,16 +24,16 @@ import {
  createContext,
  memo,
  use,
+  useCallback,
  useEffect,
  useMemo,
  useRef,
  useState,
+  useSyncExternalStore,
 } from "react";
 import useMeasure from "react-use-measure";
 import classNames from "classnames";
 import { logger } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/logger";
-import { useObservableEagerState } from "observable-hooks";
-import { fromEvent, map, startWith } from "rxjs";

 import styles from "./Grid.module.css";
 import { useMergedRefs } from "../useMergedRefs";
@@ -155,11 +155,6 @@ export function useVisibleTiles(callback: VisibleTilesCallback): void {
  );
 }

-const windowHeightObservable$ = fromEvent(window, "resize").pipe(
-  startWith(null),
-  map(() => window.innerHeight),
-);
-
 export interface LayoutProps<LayoutModel, TileModel, R extends HTMLElement> {
  ref?: Ref<R>;
  model: LayoutModel;
@@ -261,7 +256,13 @@ export function Grid<
  const [gridRoot, gridRef2] = useState<HTMLElement | null>(null);
  const gridRef = useMergedRefs<HTMLElement>(gridRef1, gridRef2);

-  const windowHeight = useObservableEagerState(windowHeightObservable$);
+  const windowHeight = useSyncExternalStore(
+    useCallback((onChange) => {
+      window.addEventListener("resize", onChange);
+      return (): void => window.removeEventListener("resize", onChange);
+    }, []),
+    useCallback(() => window.innerHeight, []),
+  );
  const [layoutRoot, setLayoutRoot] = useState<HTMLElement | null>(null);
  const [generation, setGeneration] = useState<number | null>(null);
  const [visibleTilesCallback, setVisibleTilesCallback] =
--- a/src/grid/OneOnOneLayout.tsx
+++ b/src/grid/OneOnOneLayout.tsx
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import { type OneOnOneLayout as OneOnOneLayoutModel } from "../state/CallViewMod
 import { type CallLayout, arrangeTiles } from "./CallLayout";
 import styles from "./OneOnOneLayout.module.css";
 import { type DragCallback, useUpdateLayout } from "./Grid";
+import { useBehavior } from "../useBehavior";

 /**
 * An implementation of the "one-on-one" layout, in which the remote participant
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ export const makeOneOnOneLayout: CallLayout<OneOnOneLayoutModel> = ({
  scrolling: function OneOnOneLayoutScrolling({ ref, model, Slot }): ReactNode {
    useUpdateLayout();
    const { width, height } = useObservableEagerState(minBounds$);
-    const pipAlignmentValue = useObservableEagerState(pipAlignment$);
+    const pipAlignmentValue = useBehavior(pipAlignment$);
    const { tileWidth, tileHeight } = useMemo(
      () => arrangeTiles(width, height, 1),
      [width, height],
--- a/src/grid/SpotlightExpandedLayout.tsx
+++ b/src/grid/SpotlightExpandedLayout.tsx
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Please see LICENSE in the repository root for full details.
 */

 import { type ReactNode, useCallback } from "react";
-import { useObservableEagerState } from "observable-hooks";

 import { type SpotlightExpandedLayout as SpotlightExpandedLayoutModel } from "../state/CallViewModel";
 import { type CallLayout } from "./CallLayout";
 import { type DragCallback, useUpdateLayout } from "./Grid";
 import styles from "./SpotlightExpandedLayout.module.css";
+import { useBehavior } from "../useBehavior";

 /**
 * An implementation of the "expanded spotlight" layout, in which the spotlight
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ export const makeSpotlightExpandedLayout: CallLayout<
    Slot,
  }): ReactNode {
    useUpdateLayout();
-    const pipAlignmentValue = useObservableEagerState(pipAlignment$);
+    const pipAlignmentValue = useBehavior(pipAlignment$);

    const onDragPip: DragCallback = useCallback(
      ({ xRatio, yRatio }) =>
--- a/src/grid/SpotlightPortraitLayout.tsx
+++ b/src/grid/SpotlightPortraitLayout.tsx
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import { type CallLayout, arrangeTiles } from "./CallLayout";
 import { type SpotlightPortraitLayout as SpotlightPortraitLayoutModel } from "../state/CallViewModel";
 import styles from "./SpotlightPortraitLayout.module.css";
 import { useUpdateLayout, useVisibleTiles } from "./Grid";
+import { useBehavior } from "../useBehavior";

 interface GridCSSProperties extends CSSProperties {
  "--grid-gap": string;
@@ -65,8 +66,7 @@ export const makeSpotlightPortraitLayout: CallLayout<
      width,
      model.grid.length,
    );
-    const withIndicators =
-      useObservableEagerState(model.spotlight.media$).length > 1;
+    const withIndicators = useBehavior(model.spotlight.media$).length > 1;

    return (
      <div
--- a/src/icons/FullScreenMaximise.svg
+++ b/src/icons/FullScreenMaximise.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<svg width="24" height="24" fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+<path d="M4 14C4.55228 14 5 14.4477 5 15V19H9C9.55228 19 10 19.4477 10 20C10 20.5523 9.55228 21 9 21H3V15C3 14.4477 3.44772 14 4 14Z"/>
+<path d="M20 14C20.5523 14 21 14.4477 21 15V21H15C14.4477 21 14 20.5523 14 20C14 19.4477 14.4477 19 15 19H19V15C19 14.4477 19.4477 14 20 14Z" />
+<path d="M9 3C9.55228 3 10 3.44772 10 4C10 4.55228 9.55228 5 9 5H5V9C5 9.55228 4.55228 10 4 10C3.44772 10 3 9.55228 3 9V3H9Z" />
+<path d="M21 9C21 9.55228 20.5523 10 20 10C19.4477 10 19 9.55228 19 9V5H15C14.4477 5 14 4.55228 14 4C14 3.44772 14.4477 3 15 3H21V9Z" />
+</svg>
--- a/src/icons/FullScreenMinimise.svg
+++ b/src/icons/FullScreenMinimise.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<svg width="24" height="24" fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+<path d="M10 20C10 20.5523 9.55228 21 9 21C8.44772 21 8 20.5523 8 20V16H4C3.44772 16 3 15.5523 3 15C3 14.4477 3.44772 14 4 14H10V20Z" />
+<path d="M20 14C20.5523 14 21 14.4477 21 15C21 15.5523 20.5523 16 20 16H16V20C16 20.5523 15.5523 21 15 21C14.4477 21 14 20.5523 14 20V14H20Z" />
+<path d="M9 3C9.55228 3 10 3.44772 10 4V10H4C3.44772 10 3 9.55228 3 9C3 8.44772 3.44772 8 4 8H8V4C8 3.44772 8.44772 3 9 3Z" />
+<path d="M15 3C15.5523 3 16 3.44772 16 4V8H20C20.5523 8 21 8.44772 21 9C21 9.55228 20.5523 10 20 10H14V4C14 3.44772 14.4477 3 15 3Z" />
+</svg>
--- a/src/livekit/MatrixAudioRenderer.tsx
+++ b/src/livekit/MatrixAudioRenderer.tsx
@@ -14,13 +14,12 @@ import {
  type AudioTrackProps,
 } from "@livekit/components-react";
 import { type CallMembership } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/matrixrtc";
-import { logger as rootLogger } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/logger";
+import { logger } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/logger";

 import { useEarpieceAudioConfig } from "../MediaDevicesContext";
 import { useReactiveState } from "../useReactiveState";
 import * as controls from "../controls";

-const logger = rootLogger.getChild("[MatrixAudioRenderer]");
 export interface MatrixAudioRendererProps {
  /**
   * The list of participants to render audio for.
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ export function MatrixAudioRenderer({
  const logInvalid = (identity: string, validIdentities: Set<string>): void => {
    if (loggedInvalidIdentities.current.has(identity)) return;
    logger.warn(
-      `Audio track ${identity} has no matching matrix call member`,
+      `[MatrixAudioRenderer] Audio track ${identity} has no matching matrix call member`,
      `current members: ${Array.from(validIdentities.values())}`,
      `track will not get rendered`,
    );
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ export function MatrixAudioRenderer({
  useEffect(() => {
    if (!tracks.some((t) => !validIdentities.has(t.participant.identity))) {
      logger.debug(
-        `All audio tracks have a matching matrix call member identity.`,
+        `[MatrixAudioRenderer] All audio tracks have a matching matrix call member identity.`,
      );
      loggedInvalidIdentities.current.clear();
    }
@@ -182,7 +181,7 @@ interface StereoPanAudioTrackProps {
 /**
 * This wraps `livekit.AudioTrack` to allow adding audio nodes to a track.
 * It main purpose is to remount the AudioTrack component when switching from
- * audiooContext to normal audio playback.
+ * audioContext to normal audio playback.
 * As of now the AudioTrack component does not support adding audio nodes while being mounted.
 * @param param0
 * @returns
@@ -202,7 +201,7 @@ function AudioTrackWithAudioNodes({
  const [trackReady, setTrackReady] = useReactiveState(
    () => false,
    // We only want the track to reset once both (audioNodes and audioContext) are set.
-    // for unsetting the audioContext its enough if one of the the is undefined.
+    // for unsetting the audioContext its enough if one of the two is undefined.
    [audioContext && audioNodes],
  );

--- a/src/livekit/useECConnectionState.ts
+++ b/src/livekit/useECConnectionState.ts
@@ -22,17 +22,11 @@ import { PosthogAnalytics } from "../analytics/PosthogAnalytics";
 import {
  ElementCallError,
  InsufficientCapacityError,
+  SFURoomCreationRestrictedError,
  UnknownCallError,
 } from "../utils/errors.ts";
 import { AbortHandle } from "../utils/abortHandle.ts";

-declare global {
-  interface Window {
-    peerConnectionTimeout?: number;
-    websocketTimeout?: number;
-  }
-}
-
 /*
 * Additional values for states that a call can be in, beyond what livekit
 * provides in ConnectionState. Also reconnects the call if the SFU Config
@@ -169,12 +163,7 @@ async function connectAndPublish(

  try {
    logger.info(`[Lifecycle] Connecting to livekit room ${sfuConfig!.url} ...`);
-    await livekitRoom!.connect(sfuConfig!.url, sfuConfig!.jwt, {
-      // Due to stability issues on Firefox we are testing the effect of different
-      // timeouts, and allow these values to be set through the console
-      peerConnectionTimeout: window.peerConnectionTimeout ?? 45000,
-      websocketTimeout: window.websocketTimeout ?? 45000,
-    });
+    await livekitRoom!.connect(sfuConfig!.url, sfuConfig!.jwt);
    logger.info(`[Lifecycle] ... connected to livekit room`);
  } catch (e) {
    logger.error("[Lifecycle] Failed to connect", e);
@@ -184,11 +173,19 @@ async function connectAndPublish(
    // participant limits.
    // LiveKit Cloud uses 429 for connection limits.
    // Either way, all these errors can be explained as "insufficient capacity".
-    if (
-      e instanceof ConnectionError &&
-      (e.status === 503 || e.status === 200 || e.status === 429)
-    )
-      throw new InsufficientCapacityError();
+    if (e instanceof ConnectionError) {
+      if (e.status === 503 || e.status === 200 || e.status === 429) {
+        throw new InsufficientCapacityError();
+      }
+      if (e.status === 404) {
+        // error msg is "Could not establish signal connection: requested room does not exist"
+        // The room does not exist. There are two different modes of operation for the SFU:
+        // - the room is created on the fly when connecting (livekit `auto_create` option)
+        // - Only authorized users can create rooms, so the room must exist before connecting (done by the auth jwt service)
+        // In the first case there will not be a 404, so we are in the second case.
+        throw new SFURoomCreationRestrictedError();
+      }
+    }
    throw e;
  }

--- a/src/livekit/useLivekit.ts
+++ b/src/livekit/useLivekit.ts
@@ -157,10 +157,13 @@ export function useLivekit(
    useObservableEagerState(
      useObservable(
        (room$) =>
-          observeTrackReference$(
-            room$.pipe(map(([room]) => room.localParticipant)),
-            Track.Source.Camera,
-          ).pipe(
+          room$.pipe(
+            switchMap(([room]) =>
+              observeTrackReference$(
+                room.localParticipant,
+                Track.Source.Camera,
+              ),
+            ),
            map((trackRef) => {
              const track = trackRef?.publication?.track;
              return track instanceof LocalVideoTrack ? track : null;
@@ -320,16 +323,18 @@ export function useLivekit(

  useEffect(() => {
    // Sync the requested devices with LiveKit's devices
-    if (
-      room !== undefined &&
-      connectionState === ConnectionState.Connected &&
-      !controlledAudioDevices
-    ) {
+    if (room !== undefined && connectionState === ConnectionState.Connected) {
      const syncDevice = (
        kind: MediaDeviceKind,
        selected$: Observable<SelectedDevice | undefined>,
      ): Subscription =>
        selected$.subscribe((device) => {
+          logger.info(
+            "[LivekitRoom] syncDevice room.getActiveDevice(kind) !== d.id :",
+            room.getActiveDevice(kind),
+            " !== ",
+            device?.id,
+          );
          if (
            device !== undefined &&
            room.getActiveDevice(kind) !== device.id
@@ -344,7 +349,9 @@ export function useLivekit(

      const subscriptions = [
        syncDevice("audioinput", devices.audioInput.selected$),
-        syncDevice("audiooutput", devices.audioOutput.selected$),
+        !controlledAudioDevices
+          ? syncDevice("audiooutput", devices.audioOutput.selected$)
+          : undefined,
        syncDevice("videoinput", devices.videoInput.selected$),
        // Restart the audio input track whenever we detect that the active media
        // device has changed to refer to a different hardware device. We do this
@@ -384,7 +391,7 @@ export function useLivekit(
      ];

      return (): void => {
-        for (const s of subscriptions) s.unsubscribe();
+        for (const s of subscriptions) s?.unsubscribe();
      };
    }
  }, [room, devices, connectionState, controlledAudioDevices]);
--- a/src/reactions/useReactionsSender.tsx
+++ b/src/reactions/useReactionsSender.tsx
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ import {
 } from "react";
 import { type MatrixRTCSession } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/matrixrtc";
 import { logger } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/logger";
-import { useObservableEagerState } from "observable-hooks";

 import { useMatrixRTCSessionMemberships } from "../useMatrixRTCSessionMemberships";
 import { useClientState } from "../ClientContext";
 import { ElementCallReactionEventType, type ReactionOption } from ".";
 import { type CallViewModel } from "../state/CallViewModel";
+import { useBehavior } from "../useBehavior";

 interface ReactionsSenderContextType {
  supportsReactions: boolean;
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ export const ReactionsSenderProvider = ({
    [memberships, myUserId, myDeviceId],
  );

-  const reactions = useObservableEagerState(vm.reactions$);
+  const reactions = useBehavior(vm.reactions$);
  const myReaction = useMemo(
    () =>
      myMembershipIdentifier !== undefined
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ export const ReactionsSenderProvider = ({
    [myMembershipIdentifier, reactions],
  );

-  const handsRaised = useObservableEagerState(vm.handsRaised$);
+  const handsRaised = useBehavior(vm.handsRaised$);
  const myRaisedHand = useMemo(
    () =>
      myMembershipIdentifier !== undefined
--- a/src/room/CallEventAudioRenderer.tsx
+++ b/src/room/CallEventAudioRenderer.tsx
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ export function CallEventAudioRenderer({
  const audioEngineRef = useLatest(audioEngineCtx);

  useEffect(() => {
-    const joinSub = vm.memberChanges$
+    const joinSub = vm.participantChanges$
      .pipe(
        filter(
          ({ joined, ids }) =>
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ export function CallEventAudioRenderer({
        void audioEngineRef.current?.playSound("join");
      });

-    const leftSub = vm.memberChanges$
+    const leftSub = vm.participantChanges$
      .pipe(
        filter(
          ({ ids, left }) =>
--- a/src/room/EarpieceOverlay.module.css
+++ b/src/room/EarpieceOverlay.module.css
@@ -61,3 +61,7 @@
 .overlay > p {
  text-align: center;
 }
+
+.spacer {
+  min-height: var(--cpd-space-32x);
+}
--- a/src/room/EarpieceOverlay.tsx
+++ b/src/room/EarpieceOverlay.tsx
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Please see LICENSE in the repository root for full details.

 import { type FC } from "react";
 import { BigIcon, Button, Heading, Text } from "@vector-im/compound-web";
-import { EarpieceIcon } from "@vector-im/compound-design-tokens/assets/web/icons";
+import { VoiceCallIcon } from "@vector-im/compound-design-tokens/assets/web/icons";
 import { useTranslation } from "react-i18next";

 import styles from "./EarpieceOverlay.module.css";
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ export const EarpieceOverlay: FC<Props> = ({ show, onBackToVideoPressed }) => {
  return (
    <div className={styles.overlay} data-show={show}>
      <BigIcon className={styles.icon}>
-        <EarpieceIcon aria-hidden />
+        <VoiceCallIcon aria-hidden />
      </BigIcon>
      <Heading as="h2" weight="semibold" size="md">
-        {t("earpiece.overlay_title")}
+        {t("handset.overlay_title")}
      </Heading>
-      <Text>{t("earpiece.overlay_description")}</Text>
+      <Text>{t("handset.overlay_description")}</Text>
      <Button
        kind="primary"
        size="sm"
@@ -35,8 +35,10 @@ export const EarpieceOverlay: FC<Props> = ({ show, onBackToVideoPressed }) => {
          onBackToVideoPressed?.();
        }}
      >
-        {t("earpiece.overlay_back_button")}
+        {t("handset.overlay_back_button")}
      </Button>
+      {/* This spacer is used to give the overlay an offset to the top. */}
+      <div className={styles.spacer} />
    </div>
  );
 };
--- a/src/room/GroupCallErrorBoundary.tsx
+++ b/src/room/GroupCallErrorBoundary.tsx
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import {
  OfflineIcon,
  WebBrowserIcon,
 } from "@vector-im/compound-design-tokens/assets/web/icons";
+import { Button } from "@vector-im/compound-web";

 import {
  ConnectionLostError,
@@ -93,9 +94,13 @@ const ErrorPage: FC<ErrorPageProps> = ({
        </p>
        {actions &&
          actions.map((action, index) => (
-            <button onClick={action.onClick} key={`action${index}`}>
+            <Button
+              kind="secondary"
+              onClick={action.onClick}
+              key={`action${index}`}
+            >
              {action.label}
-            </button>
+            </Button>
          ))}
      </ErrorView>
    </FullScreenView>
--- a/src/room/GroupCallView.test.tsx
+++ b/src/room/GroupCallView.test.tsx
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ import {
 import { render, waitFor, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
 import { type MatrixClient, JoinRule, type RoomState } from "matrix-js-sdk";
 import { type MatrixRTCSession } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/matrixrtc";
-import { of } from "rxjs";
 import { BrowserRouter } from "react-router-dom";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { type RelationsContainer } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/models/relations-container";
@@ -43,6 +42,7 @@ import { MatrixRTCFocusMissingError } from "../utils/errors";
 import { ProcessorProvider } from "../livekit/TrackProcessorContext";
 import { MediaDevicesContext } from "../MediaDevicesContext";
 import { HeaderStyle } from "../UrlParams";
+import { constant } from "../state/Behavior";

 vi.mock("../soundUtils");
 vi.mock("../useAudioContext");
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ function createGroupCallView(
    room,
    localRtcMember,
    [],
-  ).withMemberships(of([]));
+  ).withMemberships(constant([]));
  rtcSession.joined = joined;
  const muteState = {
    audio: { enabled: false },
--- a/src/room/GroupCallView.tsx
+++ b/src/room/GroupCallView.tsx
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import {
  type MatrixRTCSession,
 } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/matrixrtc";
 import { useNavigate } from "react-router-dom";
-import { useObservableEagerState } from "observable-hooks";

 import type { IWidgetApiRequest } from "matrix-widget-api";
 import {
@@ -72,6 +71,7 @@ import {
 import { useTypedEventEmitter } from "../useEvents";
 import { muteAllAudio$ } from "../state/MuteAllAudioModel.ts";
 import { useAppBarTitle } from "../AppBar.tsx";
+import { useBehavior } from "../useBehavior.ts";

 declare global {
  interface Window {
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ export const GroupCallView: FC<Props> = ({
  );
  const memberships = useMatrixRTCSessionMemberships(rtcSession);

-  const muteAllAudio = useObservableEagerState(muteAllAudio$);
+  const muteAllAudio = useBehavior(muteAllAudio$);
  const leaveSoundContext = useLatest(
    useAudioContext({
      sounds: callEventAudioSounds,
@@ -166,7 +166,11 @@ export const GroupCallView: FC<Props> = ({
  const { displayName, avatarUrl } = useProfile(client);
  const roomName = useRoomName(room);
  const roomAvatar = useRoomAvatar(room);
-  const { perParticipantE2EE, returnToLobby } = useUrlParams();
+  const {
+    perParticipantE2EE,
+    returnToLobby,
+    password: passwordFromUrl,
+  } = useUrlParams();
  const e2eeSystem = useRoomEncryptionSystem(room.roomId);
  const [useNewMembershipManager] = useSetting(useNewMembershipManagerSetting);
  const [useExperimentalToDeviceTransport] = useSetting(
@@ -174,7 +178,6 @@ export const GroupCallView: FC<Props> = ({
  );

  // Save the password once we start the groupCallView
-  const { password: passwordFromUrl } = useUrlParams();
  useEffect(() => {
    if (passwordFromUrl) saveKeyForRoom(room.roomId, passwordFromUrl);
  }, [passwordFromUrl, room.roomId]);
--- a/src/room/InCallView.tsx
+++ b/src/room/InCallView.tsx
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ import useMeasure from "react-use-measure";
 import { type MatrixRTCSession } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/matrixrtc";
 import classNames from "classnames";
 import { BehaviorSubject, map } from "rxjs";
-import { useObservable, useObservableEagerState } from "observable-hooks";
+import { useObservable, useSubscription } from "observable-hooks";
 import { logger } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/logger";
 import { RoomAndToDeviceEvents } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/matrixrtc/RoomAndToDeviceKeyTransport";
 import {
-  EarpieceIcon,
+  VoiceCallSolidIcon,
  VolumeOnSolidIcon,
 } from "@vector-im/compound-design-tokens/assets/web/icons";
 import { useTranslation } from "react-i18next";
@@ -110,6 +110,7 @@ import { useMatrixRTCSessionMemberships } from "../useMatrixRTCSessionMembership
 import { useMediaDevices } from "../MediaDevicesContext.ts";
 import { EarpieceOverlay } from "./EarpieceOverlay.tsx";
 import { useAppBarHidden, useAppBarSecondaryButton } from "../AppBar.tsx";
+import { useBehavior } from "../useBehavior.ts";

 const canScreenshare = "getDisplayMedia" in (navigator.mediaDevices ?? {});

@@ -137,17 +138,17 @@ export const ActiveCall: FC<ActiveCallProps> = (props) => {

  useEffect(() => {
    logger.info(
-      `[Lifecycle] InCallView Component mounted, livekitroom state ${livekitRoom?.state}`,
+      `[Lifecycle] InCallView Component mounted, livekit room state ${livekitRoom?.state}`,
    );
    return (): void => {
      logger.info(
-        `[Lifecycle] InCallView Component unmounted, livekitroom state ${livekitRoom?.state}`,
+        `[Lifecycle] InCallView Component unmounted, livekit room state ${livekitRoom?.state}`,
      );
      livekitRoom
        ?.disconnect()
        .then(() => {
          logger.info(
-            `[Lifecycle] Disconnected from livekite room, state:${livekitRoom?.state}`,
+            `[Lifecycle] Disconnected from livekit room, state:${livekitRoom?.state}`,
          );
        })
        .catch((e) => {
@@ -156,6 +157,8 @@ export const ActiveCall: FC<ActiveCallProps> = (props) => {
    };
  }, [livekitRoom]);

+  const { autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft } = useUrlParams();
+
  useEffect(() => {
    if (livekitRoom !== undefined) {
      const reactionsReader = new ReactionsReader(props.rtcSession);
@@ -163,7 +166,10 @@ export const ActiveCall: FC<ActiveCallProps> = (props) => {
        props.rtcSession,
        livekitRoom,
        mediaDevices,
-        props.e2eeSystem,
+        {
+          encryptionSystem: props.e2eeSystem,
+          autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft,
+        },
        connStateObservable$,
        reactionsReader.raisedHands$,
        reactionsReader.reactions$,
@@ -180,6 +186,7 @@ export const ActiveCall: FC<ActiveCallProps> = (props) => {
    mediaDevices,
    props.e2eeSystem,
    connStateObservable$,
+    autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft,
  ]);

  if (livekitRoom === undefined || vm === null) return null;
@@ -249,7 +256,7 @@ export const InCallView: FC<InCallViewProps> = ({
    room: livekitRoom,
  });

-  const muteAllAudio = useObservableEagerState(muteAllAudio$);
+  const muteAllAudio = useBehavior(muteAllAudio$);

  // This seems like it might be enough logic to use move it into the call view model?
  const [didFallbackToRoomKey, setDidFallbackToRoomKey] = useState(false);
@@ -300,15 +307,16 @@ export const InCallView: FC<InCallViewProps> = ({
    () => void toggleRaisedHand(),
  );

-  const windowMode = useObservableEagerState(vm.windowMode$);
-  const layout = useObservableEagerState(vm.layout$);
-  const tileStoreGeneration = useObservableEagerState(vm.tileStoreGeneration$);
+  const windowMode = useBehavior(vm.windowMode$);
+  const layout = useBehavior(vm.layout$);
+  const tileStoreGeneration = useBehavior(vm.tileStoreGeneration$);
  const [debugTileLayout] = useSetting(debugTileLayoutSetting);
-  const gridMode = useObservableEagerState(vm.gridMode$);
-  const showHeader = useObservableEagerState(vm.showHeader$);
-  const showFooter = useObservableEagerState(vm.showFooter$);
-  const earpieceMode = useObservableEagerState(vm.earpieceMode$);
-  const audioOutputSwitcher = useObservableEagerState(vm.audioOutputSwitcher$);
+  const gridMode = useBehavior(vm.gridMode$);
+  const showHeader = useBehavior(vm.showHeader$);
+  const showFooter = useBehavior(vm.showFooter$);
+  const earpieceMode = useBehavior(vm.earpieceMode$);
+  const audioOutputSwitcher = useBehavior(vm.audioOutputSwitcher$);
+  useSubscription(vm.autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft$, onLeave);

  // Ideally we could detect taps by listening for click events and checking
  // that the pointerType of the event is "touch", but this isn't yet supported
@@ -454,9 +462,9 @@ export const InCallView: FC<InCallViewProps> = ({
    useMemo(() => {
      if (audioOutputSwitcher === null) return null;
      const isEarpieceTarget = audioOutputSwitcher.targetOutput === "earpiece";
-      const Icon = isEarpieceTarget ? EarpieceIcon : VolumeOnSolidIcon;
+      const Icon = isEarpieceTarget ? VoiceCallSolidIcon : VolumeOnSolidIcon;
      const label = isEarpieceTarget
-        ? t("settings.devices.earpiece")
+        ? t("settings.devices.handset")
        : t("settings.devices.loudspeaker");

      return (
@@ -524,16 +532,12 @@ export const InCallView: FC<InCallViewProps> = ({
        targetHeight,
        model,
      }: TileProps<TileViewModel, HTMLDivElement>): ReactNode {
-        const spotlightExpanded = useObservableEagerState(
-          vm.spotlightExpanded$,
-        );
-        const onToggleExpanded = useObservableEagerState(
-          vm.toggleSpotlightExpanded$,
-        );
-        const showSpeakingIndicatorsValue = useObservableEagerState(
+        const spotlightExpanded = useBehavior(vm.spotlightExpanded$);
+        const onToggleExpanded = useBehavior(vm.toggleSpotlightExpanded$);
+        const showSpeakingIndicatorsValue = useBehavior(
          vm.showSpeakingIndicators$,
        );
-        const showSpotlightIndicatorsValue = useObservableEagerState(
+        const showSpotlightIndicatorsValue = useBehavior(
          vm.showSpotlightIndicators$,
        );

--- a/src/room/MuteStates.test.tsx
+++ b/src/room/MuteStates.test.tsx
@@ -191,7 +191,11 @@ describe("useMuteStates", () => {
    mockConfig();

    render(
-      <MemoryRouter initialEntries={["/room/?skipLobby=true"]}>
+      <MemoryRouter
+        initialEntries={[
+          "/room/?skipLobby=true&widgetId=1234&parentUrl=www.parent.org",
+        ]}
+      >
        <MediaDevicesContext value={mockMediaDevices()}>
          <TestComponent />
        </MediaDevicesContext>
--- a/src/room/MuteStates.ts
+++ b/src/room/MuteStates.ts
@@ -86,6 +86,14 @@ export function useMuteStates(isJoined: boolean): MuteStates {
  const audio = useMuteState(devices.audioInput, () => {
    return Config.get().media_devices.enable_audio && !skipLobby && !isJoined;
  });
+  useEffect(() => {
+    // If audio is enabled, we need to request the device names again,
+    // because iOS will not be able to switch to the correct device after un-muting.
+    // This is one of the main changes that makes iOS work with bluetooth audio devices.
+    if (audio.enabled) {
+      devices.requestDeviceNames();
+    }
+  }, [audio.enabled, devices]);
  const isEarpiece = useIsEarpiece();
  const video = useMuteState(
    devices.videoInput,
--- a/src/room/ReactionsOverlay.tsx
+++ b/src/room/ReactionsOverlay.tsx
@@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ Please see LICENSE in the repository root for full details.
 */

 import { type ReactNode } from "react";
-import { useObservableState } from "observable-hooks";

 import styles from "./ReactionsOverlay.module.css";
 import { type CallViewModel } from "../state/CallViewModel";
+import { useBehavior } from "../useBehavior";

 export function ReactionsOverlay({ vm }: { vm: CallViewModel }): ReactNode {
-  const reactionsIcons = useObservableState(vm.visibleReactions$);
+  const reactionsIcons = useBehavior(vm.visibleReactions$);
  return (
    <div className={styles.container}>
-      {reactionsIcons?.map(({ sender, emoji, startX }) => (
+      {reactionsIcons.map(({ sender, emoji, startX }) => (
        <span
          // Reactions effects are considered presentation elements. The reaction
          // is also present on the sender's tile, which assistive technology can
--- a/src/room/snapshots/GroupCallErrorBoundary.test.tsx.snap
+++ b/src/room/snapshots/GroupCallErrorBoundary.test.tsx.snap
@@ -132,7 +132,13 @@ exports[`ConnectionLostError: Action handling should reset error state 1`] = `
          <p>
            You were disconnected from the call.
          </p>
-          <button>
+          <button
+            class="_button_vczzf_8"
+            data-kind="secondary"
+            data-size="lg"
+            role="button"
+            tabindex="0"
+          >
            Reconnect
          </button>
          <button
@@ -742,7 +748,13 @@ exports[`should report correct error for 'Connection lost' 1`] = `
          <p>
            You were disconnected from the call.
          </p>
-          <button>
+          <button
+            class="_button_vczzf_8"
+            data-kind="secondary"
+            data-size="lg"
+            role="button"
+            tabindex="0"
+          >
            Reconnect
          </button>
          <button
--- a/src/room/snapshots/InCallView.test.tsx.snap
+++ b/src/room/snapshots/InCallView.test.tsx.snap
@@ -98,18 +98,30 @@ exports[`InCallView > rendering > renders 1`] = `
          width="1em"
          xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
        >
-          <path
-            d="M14 2c3.93 0 7 3.07 7 7a1 1 0 0 1-2 0c0-2.8-2.2-5-5-5S9 6.2 9 9c0 .93.29 1.98.82 2.94.71 1.29 1.53 1.92 2.32 2.53.92.71 1.88 1.44 2.39 3 .5 1.5 1 2.01 1.71 2.38.2.09.47.15.76.15 1.1 0 2-.9 2-2a1 1 0 1 1 2 0 4 4 0 0 1-5.64 3.65c-1.36-.71-2.13-1.73-2.73-3.55-.32-.98-.9-1.43-1.71-2.05-.87-.67-1.94-1.5-2.85-3.15C7.38 11.65 7 10.26 7 9c0-3.93 3.07-7 7-7"
-          />
-          <path
-            d="M6.145 1.3a1 1 0 0 1 1.427 1.4A8.97 8.97 0 0 0 5 9c0 2.3.862 4.397 2.281 5.988l.291.312.069.077A1 1 0 0 1 6.22 16.77l-.075-.07-.356-.38A10.96 10.96 0 0 1 3 9c0-2.998 1.2-5.717 3.145-7.7M14 6.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 0 5 2.501 2.501 0 0 1 0-5"
-          />
+          <g
+            clip-path="url(#a)"
+          >
+            <path
+              clip-rule="evenodd"
+              d="M8.929 15.1a13.6 13.6 0 0 0 4.654 3.066q2.62 1.036 5.492.923h.008l.003-.004.003-.002-.034-3.124-3.52-.483-1.791 1.792-.645-.322a13.5 13.5 0 0 1-3.496-2.52 13.4 13.4 0 0 1-2.52-3.496l-.322-.644 1.792-1.792-.483-3.519-3.123-.034-.003.002-.003.004v.002a13.65 13.65 0 0 0 .932 5.492A13.4 13.4 0 0 0 8.93 15.1m3.92 4.926a15.6 15.6 0 0 1-5.334-3.511 15.4 15.4 0 0 1-3.505-5.346 15.6 15.6 0 0 1-1.069-6.274 1.93 1.93 0 0 1 .589-1.366c.366-.366.84-.589 1.386-.589h.01l3.163.035a1.96 1.96 0 0 1 1.958 1.694v.005l.487 3.545v.003c.043.297.025.605-.076.907a2 2 0 0 1-.485.773l-.762.762a11.4 11.4 0 0 0 3.206 3.54q.457.33.948.614l.762-.761a2 2 0 0 1 .774-.486c.302-.1.61-.118.907-.076l3.553.487a1.96 1.96 0 0 1 1.694 1.958l.034 3.174c0 .546-.223 1.02-.588 1.386-.361.36-.827.582-1.363.588a15.3 15.3 0 0 1-6.29-1.062"
+              fill-rule="evenodd"
+            />
+          </g>
+          <defs>
+            <clippath
+              id="a"
+            >
+              <path
+                d="M0 0h24v24H0z"
+              />
+            </clippath>
+          </defs>
        </svg>
      </div>
      <h2
        class="_typography_6v6n8_153 _font-heading-md-semibold_6v6n8_112"
      >
-        Earpiece Mode
+        Handset Mode
      </h2>
      <p
        class="_typography_6v6n8_153 _font-body-md-regular_6v6n8_50"
@@ -125,6 +137,9 @@ exports[`InCallView > rendering > renders 1`] = `
      >
        Back to Speaker Mode
      </button>
+      <div
+        class="spacer"
+      />
    </div>
    <div
      class="container"
--- a/src/rtcSessionHelpers.test.ts
+++ b/src/rtcSessionHelpers.test.ts
@@ -70,6 +70,12 @@ test("It joins the correct Session", async () => {
      roomId: "roomId",
      client: {
        getDomain: vi.fn().mockReturnValue("example.org"),
+        getOpenIdToken: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+          access_token: "ACCCESS_TOKEN",
+          token_type: "Bearer",
+          matrix_server_name: "localhost",
+          expires_in: 10000,
+        }),
      },
    },
    memberships: [],
@@ -195,6 +201,12 @@ test("It should not fail with configuration error if homeserver config has livek
      roomId: "roomId",
      client: {
        getDomain: vi.fn().mockReturnValue("example.org"),
+        getOpenIdToken: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+          access_token: "ACCCESS_TOKEN",
+          token_type: "Bearer",
+          matrix_server_name: "localhost",
+          expires_in: 10000,
+        }),
      },
    },
    memberships: [],
--- a/src/rtcSessionHelpers.ts
+++ b/src/rtcSessionHelpers.ts
@@ -5,21 +5,22 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only OR LicenseRef-Element-Commercial
 Please see LICENSE in the repository root for full details.
 */

-import { type MatrixRTCSession } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/matrixrtc";
-import { logger } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/logger";
 import {
  isLivekitFocus,
  isLivekitFocusConfig,
  type LivekitFocus,
  type LivekitFocusActive,
+  type MatrixRTCSession,
 } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/matrixrtc";
+import { logger } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/logger";
 import { AutoDiscovery } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/autodiscovery";

 import { PosthogAnalytics } from "./analytics/PosthogAnalytics";
 import { Config } from "./config/Config";
 import { ElementWidgetActions, widget, type WidgetHelpers } from "./widget";
-import { MatrixRTCFocusMissingError } from "./utils/errors.ts";
-import { getUrlParams } from "./UrlParams.ts";
+import { MatrixRTCFocusMissingError } from "./utils/errors";
+import { getUrlParams } from "./UrlParams";
+import { getSFUConfigWithOpenID } from "./livekit/openIDSFU.ts";

 const FOCI_WK_KEY = "org.matrix.msc4143.rtc_foci";

@@ -46,6 +47,9 @@ async function makePreferredLivekitFoci(
    preferredFoci.push(focusInUse);
  }

+  // Warm up the first focus we owned, to ensure livekit room is created before any state event sent.
+  let toWarmUp: LivekitFocus | undefined;
+
  // Prioritize the .well-known/matrix/client, if available, over the configured SFU
  const domain = rtcSession.room.client.getDomain();
  if (domain) {
@@ -55,18 +59,17 @@ async function makePreferredLivekitFoci(
      FOCI_WK_KEY
    ];
    if (Array.isArray(wellKnownFoci)) {
-      preferredFoci.push(
-        ...wellKnownFoci
-          .filter((f) => !!f)
-          .filter(isLivekitFocusConfig)
-          .map((wellKnownFocus) => {
-            logger.log(
-              "Adding livekit focus from well known: ",
-              wellKnownFocus,
-            );
-            return { ...wellKnownFocus, livekit_alias: livekitAlias };
-          }),
-      );
+      const validWellKnownFoci = wellKnownFoci
+        .filter((f) => !!f)
+        .filter(isLivekitFocusConfig)
+        .map((wellKnownFocus) => {
+          logger.log("Adding livekit focus from well known: ", wellKnownFocus);
+          return { ...wellKnownFocus, livekit_alias: livekitAlias };
+        });
+      if (validWellKnownFoci.length > 0) {
+        toWarmUp = validWellKnownFoci[0];
+      }
+      preferredFoci.push(...validWellKnownFoci);
    }
  }

@@ -77,10 +80,15 @@ async function makePreferredLivekitFoci(
      livekit_service_url: urlFromConf,
      livekit_alias: livekitAlias,
    };
+    toWarmUp = toWarmUp ?? focusFormConf;
    logger.log("Adding livekit focus from config: ", focusFormConf);
    preferredFoci.push(focusFormConf);
  }

+  if (toWarmUp) {
+    // this will call the jwt/sfu/get endpoint to pre create the livekit room.
+    await getSFUConfigWithOpenID(rtcSession.room.client, toWarmUp);
+  }
  if (preferredFoci.length === 0)
    throw new MatrixRTCFocusMissingError(domain ?? "");
  return Promise.resolve(preferredFoci);
@@ -116,21 +124,20 @@ export async function enterRTCSession(
    await makePreferredLivekitFoci(rtcSession, livekitAlias),
    makeActiveFocus(),
    {
+      notificationType: getUrlParams().sendNotificationType,
      useNewMembershipManager,
      manageMediaKeys: encryptMedia,
      ...(useDeviceSessionMemberEvents !== undefined && {
        useLegacyMemberEvents: !useDeviceSessionMemberEvents,
      }),
      delayedLeaveEventRestartMs:
-        matrixRtcSessionConfig?.delayed_leave_event_restart_ms ??
-        matrixRtcSessionConfig?.membership_keep_alive_period,
+        matrixRtcSessionConfig?.delayed_leave_event_restart_ms,
      delayedLeaveEventDelayMs:
-        matrixRtcSessionConfig?.delayed_leave_event_delay_ms ??
-        matrixRtcSessionConfig?.membership_server_side_expiry_timeout,
+        matrixRtcSessionConfig?.delayed_leave_event_delay_ms,
+      delayedLeaveEventRestartLocalTimeoutMs:
+        matrixRtcSessionConfig?.delayed_leave_event_restart_local_timeout_ms,
      networkErrorRetryMs: matrixRtcSessionConfig?.network_error_retry_ms,
-      makeKeyDelay:
-        matrixRtcSessionConfig?.wait_for_key_rotation_ms ??
-        matrixRtcSessionConfig?.key_rotation_on_leave_delay,
+      makeKeyDelay: matrixRtcSessionConfig?.wait_for_key_rotation_ms,
      membershipEventExpiryMs:
        matrixRtcSessionConfig?.membership_event_expiry_ms,
      useExperimentalToDeviceTransport,
--- a/src/settings/DeviceSelection.tsx
+++ b/src/settings/DeviceSelection.tsx
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ export const DeviceSelection: FC<Props> = ({
              labelText = t("settings.devices.loudspeaker");
              break;
            case "earpiece":
-              labelText = t("settings.devices.earpiece");
+              labelText = t("settings.devices.handset");
              break;
          }

--- a/src/settings/SettingsModal.tsx
+++ b/src/settings/SettingsModal.tsx
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import { useTranslation } from "react-i18next";
 import { type MatrixClient } from "matrix-js-sdk";
 import { Button, Root as Form, Separator } from "@vector-im/compound-web";
 import { type Room as LivekitRoom } from "livekit-client";
-import { useObservableEagerState } from "observable-hooks";

 import { Modal } from "../Modal";
 import styles from "./SettingsModal.module.css";
@@ -34,6 +33,7 @@ import { DeveloperSettingsTab } from "./DeveloperSettingsTab";
 import { FieldRow, InputField } from "../input/Input";
 import { useSubmitRageshake } from "./submit-rageshake";
 import { useUrlParams } from "../UrlParams";
+import { useBehavior } from "../useBehavior";

 type SettingsTab =
  | "audio"
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ export const SettingsModal: FC<Props> = ({
  // rather than the input section.
  const { controlledAudioDevices } = useUrlParams();
  // If we are on iOS we will show a button to open the native audio device picker.
-  const iosDeviceMenu = useObservableEagerState(iosDeviceMenu$);
+  const iosDeviceMenu = useBehavior(iosDeviceMenu$);

  const audioTab: Tab<SettingsTab> = {
    key: "audio",
--- a/src/settings/settings.ts
+++ b/src/settings/settings.ts
@@ -6,10 +6,11 @@ Please see LICENSE in the repository root for full details.
 */

 import { logger } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/logger";
-import { BehaviorSubject, type Observable } from "rxjs";
-import { useObservableEagerState } from "observable-hooks";
+import { BehaviorSubject } from "rxjs";

 import { PosthogAnalytics } from "../analytics/PosthogAnalytics";
+import { type Behavior } from "../state/Behavior";
+import { useBehavior } from "../useBehavior";

 export class Setting<T> {
  public constructor(
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ export class Setting<T> {
  private readonly key: string;

  private readonly _value$: BehaviorSubject<T>;
-  public readonly value$: Observable<T>;
+  public readonly value$: Behavior<T>;

  public readonly setValue = (value: T): void => {
    this._value$.next(value);
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ export class Setting<T> {
 * React hook that returns a settings's current value and a setter.
 */
 export function useSetting<T>(setting: Setting<T>): [T, (value: T) => void] {
-  return [useObservableEagerState(setting.value$), setting.setValue];
+  return [useBehavior(setting.value$), setting.setValue];
 }

 // null = undecided
--- a/src/state/Behavior.ts
+++ b/src/state/Behavior.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2025 New Vector Ltd.
+
+SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only OR LicenseRef-Element-Commercial
+Please see LICENSE in the repository root for full details.
+*/
+
+import { BehaviorSubject } from "rxjs";
+
+/**
+ * A stateful, read-only reactive value. As an Observable, it is "hot" and
+ * always replays the current value upon subscription.
+ *
+ * A Behavior is to BehaviorSubject what Observable is to Subject; it does not
+ * provide a way to imperatively set new values. For more info on the
+ * distinction between Behaviors and Observables, see
+ * https://monoid.dk/post/behaviors-and-streams-why-both/.
+ */
+export type Behavior<T> = Omit<BehaviorSubject<T>, "next" | "observers">;
+
+/**
+ * Creates a Behavior which never changes in value.
+ */
+export function constant<T>(value: T): Behavior<T> {
+  return new BehaviorSubject(value);
+}
--- a/src/state/CallViewModel.test.ts
+++ b/src/state/CallViewModel.test.ts
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ import {
  debounceTime,
  distinctUntilChanged,
  map,
+  NEVER,
  type Observable,
  of,
-  skip,
  switchMap,
 } from "rxjs";
 import { type MatrixClient } from "matrix-js-sdk";
@@ -32,7 +32,11 @@ import {
 } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/matrixrtc";
 import { deepCompare } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/utils";

-import { CallViewModel, type Layout } from "./CallViewModel";
+import {
+  CallViewModel,
+  type CallViewModelOptions,
+  type Layout,
+} from "./CallViewModel";
 import {
  mockLivekitRoom,
  mockLocalParticipant,
@@ -71,14 +75,23 @@ import {
  local,
  localId,
  localRtcMember,
+  localRtcMemberDevice2,
 } from "../utils/test-fixtures";
 import { ObservableScope } from "./ObservableScope";
 import { MediaDevices } from "./MediaDevices";
 import { getValue } from "../utils/observable";
+import { type Behavior, constant } from "./Behavior";

 const getUrlParams = vi.hoisted(() => vi.fn(() => ({})));
 vi.mock("../UrlParams", () => ({ getUrlParams }));

+vi.mock("rxjs", async (importOriginal) => ({
+  ...(await importOriginal()),
+  // Disable interval Observables for the following tests since the test
+  // scheduler will loop on them forever and never call the test 'done'
+  interval: (): Observable<number> => NEVER,
+}));
+
 vi.mock("@livekit/components-core");

 const daveRtcMember = mockRtcMembership("@dave:example.org", "DDDD");
@@ -157,9 +170,10 @@ function summarizeLayout$(l$: Observable<Layout>): Observable<LayoutSummary> {
        case "grid":
          return combineLatest(
            [
-              l.spotlight?.media$ ?? of(undefined),
+              l.spotlight?.media$ ?? constant(undefined),
              ...l.grid.map((vm) => vm.media$),
            ],
+            // eslint-disable-next-line rxjs/finnish -- false positive
            (spotlight, ...grid) => ({
              type: l.type,
              spotlight: spotlight?.map((vm) => vm.id),
@@ -178,7 +192,8 @@ function summarizeLayout$(l$: Observable<Layout>): Observable<LayoutSummary> {
          );
        case "spotlight-expanded":
          return combineLatest(
-            [l.spotlight.media$, l.pip?.media$ ?? of(undefined)],
+            [l.spotlight.media$, l.pip?.media$ ?? constant(undefined)],
+            // eslint-disable-next-line rxjs/finnish -- false positive
            (spotlight, pip) => ({
              type: l.type,
              spotlight: spotlight.map((vm) => vm.id),
@@ -212,8 +227,8 @@ function summarizeLayout$(l$: Observable<Layout>): Observable<LayoutSummary> {
 }

 function withCallViewModel(
-  remoteParticipants$: Observable<RemoteParticipant[]>,
-  rtcMembers$: Observable<Partial<CallMembership>[]>,
+  remoteParticipants$: Behavior<RemoteParticipant[]>,
+  rtcMembers$: Behavior<Partial<CallMembership>[]>,
  connectionState$: Observable<ECConnectionState>,
  speaking: Map<Participant, Observable<boolean>>,
  mediaDevices: MediaDevices,
@@ -221,6 +236,10 @@ function withCallViewModel(
    vm: CallViewModel,
    subjects: { raisedHands$: BehaviorSubject<Record<string, RaisedHandInfo>> },
  ) => void,
+  options: CallViewModelOptions = {
+    encryptionSystem: { kind: E2eeType.PER_PARTICIPANT },
+    autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft: false,
+  },
 ): void {
  const room = mockMatrixRoom({
    client: {
@@ -271,9 +290,7 @@ function withCallViewModel(
    rtcSession as unknown as MatrixRTCSession,
    liveKitRoom,
    mediaDevices,
-    {
-      kind: E2eeType.PER_PARTICIPANT,
-    },
+    options,
    connectionState$,
    raisedHands$,
    new BehaviorSubject({}),
@@ -291,7 +308,7 @@ function withCallViewModel(
 }

 test("participants are retained during a focus switch", () => {
-  withTestScheduler(({ hot, expectObservable }) => {
+  withTestScheduler(({ behavior, expectObservable }) => {
    // Participants disappear on frame 2 and come back on frame 3
    const participantInputMarbles = "a-ba";
    // Start switching focus on frame 1 and reconnect on frame 3
@@ -300,12 +317,12 @@ test("participants are retained during a focus switch", () => {
    const expectedLayoutMarbles = "  a";

    withCallViewModel(
-      hot(participantInputMarbles, {
+      behavior(participantInputMarbles, {
        a: [aliceParticipant, bobParticipant],
        b: [],
      }),
-      of([aliceRtcMember, bobRtcMember]),
-      hot(connectionInputMarbles, {
+      constant([aliceRtcMember, bobRtcMember]),
+      behavior(connectionInputMarbles, {
        c: ConnectionState.Connected,
        s: ECAddonConnectionState.ECSwitchingFocus,
      }),
@@ -328,7 +345,7 @@ test("participants are retained during a focus switch", () => {
 });

 test("screen sharing activates spotlight layout", () => {
-  withTestScheduler(({ hot, schedule, expectObservable }) => {
+  withTestScheduler(({ behavior, schedule, expectObservable }) => {
    // Start with no screen shares, then have Alice and Bob share their screens,
    // then return to no screen shares, then have just Alice share for a bit
    const participantInputMarbles = "    abcda-ba";
@@ -341,13 +358,13 @@ test("screen sharing activates spotlight layout", () => {
    const expectedLayoutMarbles = "      abcdaefeg";
    const expectedShowSpeakingMarbles = "y----nyny";
    withCallViewModel(
-      hot(participantInputMarbles, {
+      behavior(participantInputMarbles, {
        a: [aliceParticipant, bobParticipant],
        b: [aliceSharingScreen, bobParticipant],
        c: [aliceSharingScreen, bobSharingScreen],
        d: [aliceParticipant, bobSharingScreen],
      }),
-      of([aliceRtcMember, bobRtcMember]),
+      constant([aliceRtcMember, bobRtcMember]),
      of(ConnectionState.Connected),
      new Map(),
      mockMediaDevices({}),
@@ -413,7 +430,7 @@ test("screen sharing activates spotlight layout", () => {
 });

 test("participants stay in the same order unless to appear/disappear", () => {
-  withTestScheduler(({ hot, schedule, expectObservable }) => {
+  withTestScheduler(({ behavior, schedule, expectObservable }) => {
    const visibilityInputMarbles = "a";
    // First Bob speaks, then Dave, then Alice
    const aSpeakingInputMarbles = " n- 1998ms - 1999ms y";
@@ -426,13 +443,22 @@ test("participants stay in the same order unless to appear/disappear", () => {
    const expectedLayoutMarbles = " a  1999ms b 1999ms a 57999ms c 1999ms a";

    withCallViewModel(
-      of([aliceParticipant, bobParticipant, daveParticipant]),
-      of([aliceRtcMember, bobRtcMember, daveRtcMember]),
+      constant([aliceParticipant, bobParticipant, daveParticipant]),
+      constant([aliceRtcMember, bobRtcMember, daveRtcMember]),
      of(ConnectionState.Connected),
      new Map([
-        [aliceParticipant, hot(aSpeakingInputMarbles, { y: true, n: false })],
-        [bobParticipant, hot(bSpeakingInputMarbles, { y: true, n: false })],
-        [daveParticipant, hot(dSpeakingInputMarbles, { y: true, n: false })],
+        [
+          aliceParticipant,
+          behavior(aSpeakingInputMarbles, { y: true, n: false }),
+        ],
+        [
+          bobParticipant,
+          behavior(bSpeakingInputMarbles, { y: true, n: false }),
+        ],
+        [
+          daveParticipant,
+          behavior(dSpeakingInputMarbles, { y: true, n: false }),
+        ],
      ]),
      mockMediaDevices({}),
      (vm) => {
@@ -472,7 +498,7 @@ test("participants stay in the same order unless to appear/disappear", () => {
 });

 test("participants adjust order when space becomes constrained", () => {
-  withTestScheduler(({ hot, schedule, expectObservable }) => {
+  withTestScheduler(({ behavior, schedule, expectObservable }) => {
    // Start with all tiles on screen then shrink to 3
    const visibilityInputMarbles = "a-b";
    // Bob and Dave speak
@@ -484,12 +510,18 @@ test("participants adjust order when space becomes constrained", () => {
    const expectedLayoutMarbles = " a-b";

    withCallViewModel(
-      of([aliceParticipant, bobParticipant, daveParticipant]),
-      of([aliceRtcMember, bobRtcMember, daveRtcMember]),
+      constant([aliceParticipant, bobParticipant, daveParticipant]),
+      constant([aliceRtcMember, bobRtcMember, daveRtcMember]),
      of(ConnectionState.Connected),
      new Map([
-        [bobParticipant, hot(bSpeakingInputMarbles, { y: true, n: false })],
-        [daveParticipant, hot(dSpeakingInputMarbles, { y: true, n: false })],
+        [
+          bobParticipant,
+          behavior(bSpeakingInputMarbles, { y: true, n: false }),
+        ],
+        [
+          daveParticipant,
+          behavior(dSpeakingInputMarbles, { y: true, n: false }),
+        ],
      ]),
      mockMediaDevices({}),
      (vm) => {
@@ -523,7 +555,7 @@ test("participants adjust order when space becomes constrained", () => {
 });

 test("spotlight speakers swap places", () => {
-  withTestScheduler(({ hot, schedule, expectObservable }) => {
+  withTestScheduler(({ behavior, schedule, expectObservable }) => {
    // Go immediately into spotlight mode for the test
    const modeInputMarbles = "     s";
    // First Bob speaks, then Dave, then Alice
@@ -537,13 +569,22 @@ test("spotlight speakers swap places", () => {
    const expectedLayoutMarbles = "abcd";

    withCallViewModel(
-      of([aliceParticipant, bobParticipant, daveParticipant]),
-      of([aliceRtcMember, bobRtcMember, daveRtcMember]),
+      constant([aliceParticipant, bobParticipant, daveParticipant]),
+      constant([aliceRtcMember, bobRtcMember, daveRtcMember]),
      of(ConnectionState.Connected),
      new Map([
-        [aliceParticipant, hot(aSpeakingInputMarbles, { y: true, n: false })],
-        [bobParticipant, hot(bSpeakingInputMarbles, { y: true, n: false })],
-        [daveParticipant, hot(dSpeakingInputMarbles, { y: true, n: false })],
+        [
+          aliceParticipant,
+          behavior(aSpeakingInputMarbles, { y: true, n: false }),
+        ],
+        [
+          bobParticipant,
+          behavior(bSpeakingInputMarbles, { y: true, n: false }),
+        ],
+        [
+          daveParticipant,
+          behavior(dSpeakingInputMarbles, { y: true, n: false }),
+        ],
      ]),
      mockMediaDevices({}),
      (vm) => {
@@ -587,8 +628,8 @@ test("layout enters picture-in-picture mode when requested", () => {
    const expectedLayoutMarbles = " aba";

    withCallViewModel(
-      of([aliceParticipant, bobParticipant]),
-      of([aliceRtcMember, bobRtcMember]),
+      constant([aliceParticipant, bobParticipant]),
+      constant([aliceRtcMember, bobRtcMember]),
      of(ConnectionState.Connected),
      new Map(),
      mockMediaDevices({}),
@@ -629,8 +670,8 @@ test("spotlight remembers whether it's expanded", () => {
    const expectedLayoutMarbles = "abcbada";

    withCallViewModel(
-      of([aliceParticipant, bobParticipant]),
-      of([aliceRtcMember, bobRtcMember]),
+      constant([aliceParticipant, bobParticipant]),
+      constant([aliceRtcMember, bobRtcMember]),
      of(ConnectionState.Connected),
      new Map(),
      mockMediaDevices({}),
@@ -678,7 +719,7 @@ test("spotlight remembers whether it's expanded", () => {
 });

 test("participants must have a MatrixRTCSession to be visible", () => {
-  withTestScheduler(({ hot, expectObservable }) => {
+  withTestScheduler(({ behavior, expectObservable }) => {
    // iterate through a number of combinations of participants and MatrixRTC memberships
    // Bob never has an MatrixRTC membership
    const scenarioInputMarbles = " abcdec";
@@ -686,14 +727,14 @@ test("participants must have a MatrixRTCSession to be visible", () => {
    const expectedLayoutMarbles = "a-bc-b";

    withCallViewModel(
-      hot(scenarioInputMarbles, {
+      behavior(scenarioInputMarbles, {
        a: [],
        b: [bobParticipant],
        c: [aliceParticipant, bobParticipant],
        d: [aliceParticipant, daveParticipant, bobParticipant],
        e: [aliceParticipant, daveParticipant, bobSharingScreen],
      }),
-      hot(scenarioInputMarbles, {
+      behavior(scenarioInputMarbles, {
        a: [],
        b: [],
        c: [aliceRtcMember],
@@ -734,17 +775,17 @@ test("shows participants without MatrixRTCSession when enabled in settings", ()
  try {
    // enable the setting:
    showNonMemberTiles.setValue(true);
-    withTestScheduler(({ hot, expectObservable }) => {
+    withTestScheduler(({ behavior, expectObservable }) => {
      const scenarioInputMarbles = " abc";
      const expectedLayoutMarbles = "abc";

      withCallViewModel(
-        hot(scenarioInputMarbles, {
+        behavior(scenarioInputMarbles, {
          a: [],
          b: [aliceParticipant],
          c: [aliceParticipant, bobParticipant],
        }),
-        of([]), // No one joins the MatrixRTC session
+        constant([]), // No one joins the MatrixRTC session
        of(ConnectionState.Connected),
        new Map(),
        mockMediaDevices({}),
@@ -779,15 +820,15 @@ test("shows participants without MatrixRTCSession when enabled in settings", ()
 });

 it("should show at least one tile per MatrixRTCSession", () => {
-  withTestScheduler(({ hot, expectObservable }) => {
+  withTestScheduler(({ behavior, expectObservable }) => {
    // iterate through some combinations of MatrixRTC memberships
    const scenarioInputMarbles = " abcd";
    // There should always be one tile for each MatrixRTCSession
    const expectedLayoutMarbles = "abcd";

    withCallViewModel(
-      of([]),
-      hot(scenarioInputMarbles, {
+      constant([]),
+      behavior(scenarioInputMarbles, {
        a: [],
        b: [aliceRtcMember],
        c: [aliceRtcMember, daveRtcMember],
@@ -829,13 +870,13 @@ it("should show at least one tile per MatrixRTCSession", () => {
 });

 test("should disambiguate users with the same displayname", () => {
-  withTestScheduler(({ hot, expectObservable }) => {
+  withTestScheduler(({ behavior, expectObservable }) => {
    const scenarioInputMarbles = "abcde";
    const expectedLayoutMarbles = "abcde";

    withCallViewModel(
-      of([]),
-      hot(scenarioInputMarbles, {
+      constant([]),
+      behavior(scenarioInputMarbles, {
        a: [],
        b: [aliceRtcMember],
        c: [aliceRtcMember, aliceDoppelgangerRtcMember],
@@ -846,50 +887,46 @@ test("should disambiguate users with the same displayname", () => {
      new Map(),
      mockMediaDevices({}),
      (vm) => {
-        // Skip the null state.
-        expectObservable(vm.memberDisplaynames$.pipe(skip(1))).toBe(
-          expectedLayoutMarbles,
-          {
-            // Carol has no displayname - So userId is used.
-            a: new Map([[carolId, carol.userId]]),
-            b: new Map([
-              [carolId, carol.userId],
-              [aliceId, alice.rawDisplayName],
-            ]),
-            // The second alice joins.
-            c: new Map([
-              [carolId, carol.userId],
-              [aliceId, "Alice (@alice:example.org)"],
-              [aliceDoppelgangerId, "Alice (@alice2:example.org)"],
-            ]),
-            // Bob also joins
-            d: new Map([
-              [carolId, carol.userId],
-              [aliceId, "Alice (@alice:example.org)"],
-              [aliceDoppelgangerId, "Alice (@alice2:example.org)"],
-              [bobId, bob.rawDisplayName],
-            ]),
-            // Alice leaves, and the displayname should reset.
-            e: new Map([
-              [carolId, carol.userId],
-              [aliceDoppelgangerId, "Alice"],
-              [bobId, bob.rawDisplayName],
-            ]),
-          },
-        );
+        expectObservable(vm.memberDisplaynames$).toBe(expectedLayoutMarbles, {
+          // Carol has no displayname - So userId is used.
+          a: new Map([[carolId, carol.userId]]),
+          b: new Map([
+            [carolId, carol.userId],
+            [aliceId, alice.rawDisplayName],
+          ]),
+          // The second alice joins.
+          c: new Map([
+            [carolId, carol.userId],
+            [aliceId, "Alice (@alice:example.org)"],
+            [aliceDoppelgangerId, "Alice (@alice2:example.org)"],
+          ]),
+          // Bob also joins
+          d: new Map([
+            [carolId, carol.userId],
+            [aliceId, "Alice (@alice:example.org)"],
+            [aliceDoppelgangerId, "Alice (@alice2:example.org)"],
+            [bobId, bob.rawDisplayName],
+          ]),
+          // Alice leaves, and the displayname should reset.
+          e: new Map([
+            [carolId, carol.userId],
+            [aliceDoppelgangerId, "Alice"],
+            [bobId, bob.rawDisplayName],
+          ]),
+        });
      },
    );
  });
 });

 test("should disambiguate users with invisible characters", () => {
-  withTestScheduler(({ hot, expectObservable }) => {
+  withTestScheduler(({ behavior, expectObservable }) => {
    const scenarioInputMarbles = "ab";
    const expectedLayoutMarbles = "ab";

    withCallViewModel(
-      of([]),
-      hot(scenarioInputMarbles, {
+      constant([]),
+      behavior(scenarioInputMarbles, {
        a: [],
        b: [bobRtcMember, bobZeroWidthSpaceRtcMember],
      }),
@@ -897,36 +934,32 @@ test("should disambiguate users with invisible characters", () => {
      new Map(),
      mockMediaDevices({}),
      (vm) => {
-        // Skip the null state.
-        expectObservable(vm.memberDisplaynames$.pipe(skip(1))).toBe(
-          expectedLayoutMarbles,
-          {
-            // Carol has no displayname - So userId is used.
-            a: new Map([[carolId, carol.userId]]),
-            // Both Bobs join, and should handle zero width hacks.
-            b: new Map([
-              [carolId, carol.userId],
-              [bobId, `Bob (${bob.userId})`],
-              [
-                bobZeroWidthSpaceId,
-                `${bobZeroWidthSpace.rawDisplayName} (${bobZeroWidthSpace.userId})`,
-              ],
-            ]),
-          },
-        );
+        expectObservable(vm.memberDisplaynames$).toBe(expectedLayoutMarbles, {
+          // Carol has no displayname - So userId is used.
+          a: new Map([[carolId, carol.userId]]),
+          // Both Bobs join, and should handle zero width hacks.
+          b: new Map([
+            [carolId, carol.userId],
+            [bobId, `Bob (${bob.userId})`],
+            [
+              bobZeroWidthSpaceId,
+              `${bobZeroWidthSpace.rawDisplayName} (${bobZeroWidthSpace.userId})`,
+            ],
+          ]),
+        });
      },
    );
  });
 });

 test("should strip RTL characters from displayname", () => {
-  withTestScheduler(({ hot, expectObservable }) => {
+  withTestScheduler(({ behavior, expectObservable }) => {
    const scenarioInputMarbles = "ab";
    const expectedLayoutMarbles = "ab";

    withCallViewModel(
-      of([]),
-      hot(scenarioInputMarbles, {
+      constant([]),
+      behavior(scenarioInputMarbles, {
        a: [],
        b: [daveRtcMember, daveRTLRtcMember],
      }),
@@ -934,35 +967,31 @@ test("should strip RTL characters from displayname", () => {
      new Map(),
      mockMediaDevices({}),
      (vm) => {
-        // Skip the null state.
-        expectObservable(vm.memberDisplaynames$.pipe(skip(1))).toBe(
-          expectedLayoutMarbles,
-          {
-            // Carol has no displayname - So userId is used.
-            a: new Map([[carolId, carol.userId]]),
-            // Both Dave's join. Since after stripping
-            b: new Map([
-              [carolId, carol.userId],
-              // Not disambiguated
-              [daveId, "Dave"],
-              // This one is, since it's using RTL.
-              [daveRTLId, `evaD (${daveRTL.userId})`],
-            ]),
-          },
-        );
+        expectObservable(vm.memberDisplaynames$).toBe(expectedLayoutMarbles, {
+          // Carol has no displayname - So userId is used.
+          a: new Map([[carolId, carol.userId]]),
+          // Both Dave's join. Since after stripping
+          b: new Map([
+            [carolId, carol.userId],
+            // Not disambiguated
+            [daveId, "Dave"],
+            // This one is, since it's using RTL.
+            [daveRTLId, `evaD (${daveRTL.userId})`],
+          ]),
+        });
      },
    );
  });
 });

 it("should rank raised hands above video feeds and below speakers and presenters", () => {
-  withTestScheduler(({ schedule, expectObservable }) => {
+  withTestScheduler(({ schedule, expectObservable, behavior }) => {
    // There should always be one tile for each MatrixRTCSession
    const expectedLayoutMarbles = "ab";

    withCallViewModel(
-      of([aliceParticipant, bobParticipant]),
-      of([aliceRtcMember, bobRtcMember]),
+      constant([aliceParticipant, bobParticipant]),
+      constant([aliceRtcMember, bobRtcMember]),
      of(ConnectionState.Connected),
      new Map(),
      mockMediaDevices({}),
@@ -1015,6 +1044,176 @@ it("should rank raised hands above video feeds and below speakers and presenters
  });
 });

+function nooneEverThere$<T>(
+  hot: (marbles: string, values: Record<string, T[]>) => Observable<T[]>,
+): Observable<T[]> {
+  return hot("a-b-c-d", {
+    a: [], // Start empty
+    b: [], // Alice joins
+    c: [], // Alice still there
+    d: [], // Alice leaves
+  });
+}
+
+function participantJoinLeave$(
+  hot: (
+    marbles: string,
+    values: Record<string, RemoteParticipant[]>,
+  ) => Observable<RemoteParticipant[]>,
+): Observable<RemoteParticipant[]> {
+  return hot("a-b-c-d", {
+    a: [], // Start empty
+    b: [aliceParticipant], // Alice joins
+    c: [aliceParticipant], // Alice still there
+    d: [], // Alice leaves
+  });
+}
+
+function rtcMemberJoinLeave$(
+  hot: (
+    marbles: string,
+    values: Record<string, CallMembership[]>,
+  ) => Observable<CallMembership[]>,
+): Observable<CallMembership[]> {
+  return hot("a-b-c-d", {
+    a: [], // Start empty
+    b: [aliceRtcMember], // Alice joins
+    c: [aliceRtcMember], // Alice still there
+    d: [], // Alice leaves
+  });
+}
+
+test("allOthersLeft$ emits only when someone joined and then all others left", () => {
+  withTestScheduler(({ hot, expectObservable, scope }) => {
+    // Test scenario 1: No one ever joins - should only emit initial false and never emit again
+    withCallViewModel(
+      scope.behavior(nooneEverThere$(hot), []),
+      scope.behavior(nooneEverThere$(hot), []),
+      of(ConnectionState.Connected),
+      new Map(),
+      mockMediaDevices({}),
+      (vm) => {
+        expectObservable(vm.allOthersLeft$).toBe("n------", { n: false });
+      },
+    );
+  });
+});
+
+test("allOthersLeft$ emits true when someone joined and then all others left", () => {
+  withTestScheduler(({ hot, expectObservable, scope }) => {
+    withCallViewModel(
+      scope.behavior(participantJoinLeave$(hot), []),
+      scope.behavior(rtcMemberJoinLeave$(hot), []),
+      of(ConnectionState.Connected),
+      new Map(),
+      mockMediaDevices({}),
+      (vm) => {
+        expectObservable(vm.allOthersLeft$).toBe(
+          "n-----u", // false initially, then at frame 6: true then false emissions in same frame
+          { n: false, u: true }, // map(() => {})
+        );
+      },
+    );
+  });
+});
+
+test("autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft$ emits only when autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft option is enabled", () => {
+  withTestScheduler(({ hot, expectObservable, scope }) => {
+    withCallViewModel(
+      scope.behavior(participantJoinLeave$(hot), []),
+      scope.behavior(rtcMemberJoinLeave$(hot), []),
+      of(ConnectionState.Connected),
+      new Map(),
+      mockMediaDevices({}),
+      (vm) => {
+        expectObservable(vm.autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft$).toBe(
+          "------e", // false initially, then at frame 6: true then false emissions in same frame
+          { e: undefined },
+        );
+      },
+      {
+        autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft: true,
+        encryptionSystem: { kind: E2eeType.PER_PARTICIPANT },
+      },
+    );
+  });
+});
+
+test("autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft$ never emits autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft option is enabled but no-one is there", () => {
+  withTestScheduler(({ hot, expectObservable, scope }) => {
+    withCallViewModel(
+      scope.behavior(nooneEverThere$(hot), []),
+      scope.behavior(nooneEverThere$(hot), []),
+      of(ConnectionState.Connected),
+      new Map(),
+      mockMediaDevices({}),
+      (vm) => {
+        expectObservable(vm.autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft$).toBe("-------");
+      },
+      {
+        autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft: true,
+        encryptionSystem: { kind: E2eeType.PER_PARTICIPANT },
+      },
+    );
+  });
+});
+
+test("autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft$ doesn't emit when autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft option is disabled and all others left", () => {
+  withTestScheduler(({ hot, expectObservable, scope }) => {
+    withCallViewModel(
+      scope.behavior(participantJoinLeave$(hot), []),
+      scope.behavior(rtcMemberJoinLeave$(hot), []),
+      of(ConnectionState.Connected),
+      new Map(),
+      mockMediaDevices({}),
+      (vm) => {
+        expectObservable(vm.autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft$).toBe("-------");
+      },
+      {
+        autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft: false,
+        encryptionSystem: { kind: E2eeType.PER_PARTICIPANT },
+      },
+    );
+  });
+});
+
+test("autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft$ doesn't emits when autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft option is enabled and all others left", () => {
+  withTestScheduler(({ hot, expectObservable, scope }) => {
+    withCallViewModel(
+      scope.behavior(
+        hot("a-b-c-d", {
+          a: [], // Alone
+          b: [aliceParticipant], // Alice joins
+          c: [aliceParticipant],
+          d: [], // Local joins with a second device
+        }),
+        [], //Alice leaves
+      ),
+      scope.behavior(
+        hot("a-b-c-d", {
+          a: [localRtcMember], // Start empty
+          b: [localRtcMember, aliceRtcMember], // Alice joins
+          c: [localRtcMember, aliceRtcMember, localRtcMemberDevice2], // Alice still there
+          d: [localRtcMember, localRtcMemberDevice2], // The second Alice leaves
+        }),
+        [],
+      ),
+      of(ConnectionState.Connected),
+      new Map(),
+      mockMediaDevices({}),
+      (vm) => {
+        expectObservable(vm.autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft$).toBe("------e", {
+          e: undefined,
+        });
+      },
+      {
+        autoLeaveWhenOthersLeft: true,
+        encryptionSystem: { kind: E2eeType.PER_PARTICIPANT },
+      },
+    );
+  });
+});
+
 test("audio output changes when toggling earpiece mode", () => {
  withTestScheduler(({ schedule, expectObservable }) => {
    getUrlParams.mockReturnValue({ controlledAudioDevices: true });
@@ -1026,7 +1225,7 @@ test("audio output changes when toggling earpiece mode", () => {

    window.controls.setAvailableAudioDevices([
      { id: "speaker", name: "Speaker", isSpeaker: true },
-      { id: "earpiece", name: "Earpiece", isEarpiece: true },
+      { id: "earpiece", name: "Handset", isEarpiece: true },
      { id: "headphones", name: "Headphones" },
    ]);
    window.controls.setAudioDevice("headphones");
@@ -1036,8 +1235,8 @@ test("audio output changes when toggling earpiece mode", () => {
    const expectedTargetStateMarbles = " sese";

    withCallViewModel(
-      of([]),
-      of([]),
+      constant([]),
+      constant([]),
      of(ConnectionState.Connected),
      new Map(),
      devices,
--- a/src/state/CallViewModel.ts
+++ b/src/state/CallViewModel.ts
--- a/src/state/MediaDevices.ts
+++ b/src/state/MediaDevices.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import {
  filter,
  map,
  merge,
-  of,
  pairwise,
  startWith,
  Subject,
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ import {
  type Observable,
 } from "rxjs";
 import { createMediaDeviceObserver } from "@livekit/components-core";
-import { logger as rootLogger } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/logger";
+import { type Logger, logger as rootLogger } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/logger";

 import {
  audioInput as audioInputSetting,
@@ -34,11 +33,11 @@ import {
 import { getUrlParams } from "../UrlParams";
 import { platform } from "../Platform";
 import { switchWhen } from "../utils/observable";
+import { type Behavior, constant } from "./Behavior";

 // This hardcoded id is used in EX ios! It can only be changed in coordination with
 // the ios swift team.
 const EARPIECE_CONFIG_ID = "earpiece-id";
-const logger = rootLogger.getChild("[MediaDevices]");

 export type DeviceLabel =
  | { type: "name"; name: string }
@@ -74,11 +73,11 @@ export interface MediaDevice<Label, Selected> {
  /**
   * A map from available device IDs to labels.
   */
-  available$: Observable<Map<string, Label>>;
+  available$: Behavior<Map<string, Label>>;
  /**
   * The selected device.
   */
-  selected$: Observable<Selected | undefined>;
+  selected$: Behavior<Selected | undefined>;
  /**
   * Selects a new device.
   */
@@ -94,35 +93,37 @@ export interface MediaDevice<Label, Selected> {
 *   `availableOutputDevices$.includes((d)=>d.forEarpiece)`
 */
 export const iosDeviceMenu$ =
-  platform === "ios" ? of(true) : alwaysShowIphoneEarpieceSetting.value$;
+  platform === "ios" ? constant(true) : alwaysShowIphoneEarpieceSetting.value$;

 function availableRawDevices$(
  kind: MediaDeviceKind,
-  usingNames$: Observable<boolean>,
+  usingNames$: Behavior<boolean>,
  scope: ObservableScope,
-): Observable<MediaDeviceInfo[]> {
+  logger: Logger,
+): Behavior<MediaDeviceInfo[]> {
  const logError = (e: Error): void =>
    logger.error("Error creating MediaDeviceObserver", e);
  const devices$ = createMediaDeviceObserver(kind, logError, false);
  const devicesWithNames$ = createMediaDeviceObserver(kind, logError, true);

-  return usingNames$.pipe(
-    switchMap((withNames) =>
-      withNames
-        ? // It might be that there is already a media stream running somewhere,
-          // and so we can do without requesting a second one. Only switch to the
-          // device observer that explicitly requests the names if we see that
-          // names are in fact missing from the initial device enumeration.
-          devices$.pipe(
-            switchWhen(
-              (devices, i) => i === 0 && devices.every((d) => !d.label),
-              devicesWithNames$,
-            ),
-          )
-        : devices$,
+  return scope.behavior(
+    usingNames$.pipe(
+      switchMap((withNames) =>
+        withNames
+          ? // It might be that there is already a media stream running somewhere,
+            // and so we can do without requesting a second one. Only switch to the
+            // device observer that explicitly requests the names if we see that
+            // names are in fact missing from the initial device enumeration.
+            devices$.pipe(
+              switchWhen(
+                (devices, i) => i === 0 && devices.every((d) => !d.label),
+                devicesWithNames$,
+              ),
+            )
+          : devices$,
+      ),
    ),
-    startWith([]),
-    scope.state(),
+    [],
  );
 }

@@ -161,34 +162,40 @@ function selectDevice$<Label>(
 }

 class AudioInput implements MediaDevice<DeviceLabel, SelectedAudioInputDevice> {
-  private readonly availableRaw$: Observable<MediaDeviceInfo[]> =
-    availableRawDevices$("audioinput", this.usingNames$, this.scope);
+  private logger = rootLogger.getChild("[MediaDevices AudioInput]");

-  public readonly available$ = this.availableRaw$.pipe(
-    map(buildDeviceMap),
-    this.scope.state(),
+  private readonly availableRaw$: Behavior<MediaDeviceInfo[]> =
+    availableRawDevices$(
+      "audioinput",
+      this.usingNames$,
+      this.scope,
+      this.logger,
+    );
+
+  public readonly available$ = this.scope.behavior(
+    this.availableRaw$.pipe(map(buildDeviceMap)),
  );

-  public readonly selected$ = selectDevice$(
-    this.available$,
-    audioInputSetting.value$,
-  ).pipe(
-    map((id) =>
-      id === undefined
-        ? undefined
-        : {
-            id,
-            // We can identify when the hardware device has changed by watching for
-            // changes in the group ID
-            hardwareDeviceChange$: this.availableRaw$.pipe(
-              map((devices) => devices.find((d) => d.deviceId === id)?.groupId),
-              pairwise(),
-              filter(([before, after]) => before !== after),
-              map(() => undefined),
-            ),
-          },
+  public readonly selected$ = this.scope.behavior(
+    selectDevice$(this.available$, audioInputSetting.value$).pipe(
+      map((id) =>
+        id === undefined
+          ? undefined
+          : {
+              id,
+              // We can identify when the hardware device has changed by watching for
+              // changes in the group ID
+              hardwareDeviceChange$: this.availableRaw$.pipe(
+                map(
+                  (devices) => devices.find((d) => d.deviceId === id)?.groupId,
+                ),
+                pairwise(),
+                filter(([before, after]) => before !== after),
+                map(() => undefined),
+              ),
+            },
+      ),
    ),
-    this.scope.state(),
  );

  public select(id: string): void {
@@ -196,11 +203,11 @@ class AudioInput implements MediaDevice<DeviceLabel, SelectedAudioInputDevice> {
  }

  public constructor(
-    private readonly usingNames$: Observable<boolean>,
+    private readonly usingNames$: Behavior<boolean>,
    private readonly scope: ObservableScope,
  ) {
    this.available$.subscribe((available) => {
-      logger.info("[audio-input] available devices:", available);
+      this.logger.info("[audio-input] available devices:", available);
    });
  }
 }
@@ -208,55 +215,61 @@ class AudioInput implements MediaDevice<DeviceLabel, SelectedAudioInputDevice> {
 class AudioOutput
  implements MediaDevice<AudioOutputDeviceLabel, SelectedAudioOutputDevice>
 {
-  public readonly available$ = availableRawDevices$(
-    "audiooutput",
-    this.usingNames$,
-    this.scope,
-  ).pipe(
-    map((availableRaw) => {
-      const available: Map<string, AudioOutputDeviceLabel> =
-        buildDeviceMap(availableRaw);
-      // Create a virtual default audio output for browsers that don't have one.
-      // Its device ID must be the empty string because that's what setSinkId
-      // recognizes.
-      if (available.size && !available.has("") && !available.has("default"))
-        available.set("", {
-          type: "default",
-          name: availableRaw[0]?.label || null,
-        });
-      // Note: creating virtual default input devices would be another problem
-      // entirely, because requesting a media stream from deviceId "" won't
-      // automatically track the default device.
-      return available;
-    }),
-    this.scope.state(),
-  );
-
-  public readonly selected$ = selectDevice$(
-    this.available$,
-    audioOutputSetting.value$,
-  ).pipe(
-    map((id) =>
-      id === undefined
-        ? undefined
-        : {
-            id,
-            virtualEarpiece: false,
-          },
+  private logger = rootLogger.getChild("[MediaDevices AudioOutput]");
+  public readonly available$ = this.scope.behavior(
+    availableRawDevices$(
+      "audiooutput",
+      this.usingNames$,
+      this.scope,
+      this.logger,
+    ).pipe(
+      map((availableRaw) => {
+        let available: Map<string, AudioOutputDeviceLabel> =
+          buildDeviceMap(availableRaw);
+        // Create a virtual default audio output for browsers that don't have one.
+        // Its device ID must be the empty string because that's what setSinkId
+        // recognizes.
+        if (available.size && !available.has("") && !available.has("default"))
+          available.set("", {
+            type: "default",
+            name: availableRaw[0]?.label || null,
+          });
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+        const isSafari = !!(window as any).GestureEvent; // non standard api only found on Safari. https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/GestureEvent#browser_compatibility
+        if (isSafari) {
+          // set to empty map if we are on Safari, because it does not support setSinkId
+          available = new Map();
+        }
+        // Note: creating virtual default input devices would be another problem
+        // entirely, because requesting a media stream from deviceId "" won't
+        // automatically track the default device.
+        return available;
+      }),
    ),
-    this.scope.state(),
  );

+  public readonly selected$ = this.scope.behavior(
+    selectDevice$(this.available$, audioOutputSetting.value$).pipe(
+      map((id) =>
+        id === undefined
+          ? undefined
+          : {
+              id,
+              virtualEarpiece: false,
+            },
+      ),
+    ),
+  );
  public select(id: string): void {
    audioOutputSetting.setValue(id);
  }

  public constructor(
-    private readonly usingNames$: Observable<boolean>,
+    private readonly usingNames$: Behavior<boolean>,
    private readonly scope: ObservableScope,
  ) {
    this.available$.subscribe((available) => {
-      logger.info("[audio-output] available devices:", available);
+      this.logger.info("[audio-output] available devices:", available);
    });
  }
 }
@@ -264,30 +277,43 @@ class AudioOutput
 class ControlledAudioOutput
  implements MediaDevice<AudioOutputDeviceLabel, SelectedAudioOutputDevice>
 {
-  public readonly available$ = combineLatest(
-    [controlledAvailableOutputDevices$.pipe(startWith([])), iosDeviceMenu$],
-    (availableRaw, iosDeviceMenu) => {
-      const available = new Map<string, AudioOutputDeviceLabel>(
-        availableRaw.map(
-          ({ id, name, isEarpiece, isSpeaker /*,isExternalHeadset*/ }) => {
-            let deviceLabel: AudioOutputDeviceLabel;
-            // if (isExternalHeadset) // Do we want this?
-            if (isEarpiece) deviceLabel = { type: "earpiece" };
-            else if (isSpeaker) deviceLabel = { type: "speaker" };
-            else deviceLabel = { type: "name", name };
-            return [id, deviceLabel];
-          },
-        ),
-      );
+  private logger = rootLogger.getChild("[MediaDevices ControlledAudioOutput]");
+  // We need to subscribe to the raw devices so that the OS does update the input
+  // back to what it was before. otherwise we will switch back to the default
+  // whenever we allocate a new stream.
+  public readonly availableRaw$ = availableRawDevices$(
+    "audiooutput",
+    this.usingNames$,
+    this.scope,
+    this.logger,
+  );

-      // Create a virtual earpiece device in case a non-earpiece device is
-      // designated for this purpose
-      if (iosDeviceMenu && availableRaw.some((d) => d.forEarpiece))
-        available.set(EARPIECE_CONFIG_ID, { type: "earpiece" });
+  public readonly available$ = this.scope.behavior(
+    combineLatest(
+      [controlledAvailableOutputDevices$.pipe(startWith([])), iosDeviceMenu$],
+      (availableRaw, iosDeviceMenu) => {
+        const available = new Map<string, AudioOutputDeviceLabel>(
+          availableRaw.map(
+            ({ id, name, isEarpiece, isSpeaker /*,isExternalHeadset*/ }) => {
+              let deviceLabel: AudioOutputDeviceLabel;
+              // if (isExternalHeadset) // Do we want this?
+              if (isEarpiece) deviceLabel = { type: "earpiece" };
+              else if (isSpeaker) deviceLabel = { type: "speaker" };
+              else deviceLabel = { type: "name", name };
+              return [id, deviceLabel];
+            },
+          ),
+        );

-      return available;
-    },
-  ).pipe(this.scope.state());
+        // Create a virtual earpiece device in case a non-earpiece device is
+        // designated for this purpose
+        if (iosDeviceMenu && availableRaw.some((d) => d.forEarpiece))
+          available.set(EARPIECE_CONFIG_ID, { type: "earpiece" });
+
+        return available;
+      },
+    ),
+  );

  private readonly deviceSelection$ = new Subject<string>();

@@ -295,67 +321,82 @@ class ControlledAudioOutput
    this.deviceSelection$.next(id);
  }

-  public readonly selected$ = combineLatest(
-    [
-      this.available$,
-      merge(
-        controlledOutputSelection$.pipe(startWith(undefined)),
-        this.deviceSelection$,
-      ),
-    ],
-    (available, preferredId) => {
-      const id = preferredId ?? available.keys().next().value;
-      return id === undefined
-        ? undefined
-        : { id, virtualEarpiece: id === EARPIECE_CONFIG_ID };
-    },
-  ).pipe(this.scope.state());
+  public readonly selected$ = this.scope.behavior(
+    combineLatest(
+      [
+        this.available$,
+        merge(
+          controlledOutputSelection$.pipe(startWith(undefined)),
+          this.deviceSelection$,
+        ),
+      ],
+      (available, preferredId) => {
+        const id = preferredId ?? available.keys().next().value;
+        return id === undefined
+          ? undefined
+          : { id, virtualEarpiece: id === EARPIECE_CONFIG_ID };
+      },
+    ),
+  );

-  public constructor(private readonly scope: ObservableScope) {
+  public constructor(
+    private readonly usingNames$: Behavior<boolean>,
+    private readonly scope: ObservableScope,
+  ) {
    this.selected$.subscribe((device) => {
      // Let the hosting application know which output device has been selected.
      // This information is probably only of interest if the earpiece mode has
      // been selected - for example, Element X iOS listens to this to determine
      // whether it should enable the proximity sensor.
      if (device !== undefined) {
-        logger.info("[controlled-output] setAudioDeviceSelect called:", device);
+        this.logger.info(
+          "[controlled-output] onAudioDeviceSelect called:",
+          device,
+        );
        window.controls.onAudioDeviceSelect?.(device.id);
        // Also invoke the deprecated callback for backward compatibility
        window.controls.onOutputDeviceSelect?.(device.id);
      }
    });
    this.available$.subscribe((available) => {
-      logger.info("[controlled-output] available devices:", available);
+      this.logger.info("[controlled-output] available devices:", available);
+    });
+    this.availableRaw$.subscribe((availableRaw) => {
+      this.logger.info(
+        "[controlled-output] available raw devices:",
+        availableRaw,
+      );
    });
  }
 }

 class VideoInput implements MediaDevice<DeviceLabel, SelectedDevice> {
-  public readonly available$ = availableRawDevices$(
-    "videoinput",
-    this.usingNames$,
-    this.scope,
-  ).pipe(map(buildDeviceMap));
+  private logger = rootLogger.getChild("[MediaDevices VideoInput]");

-  public readonly selected$ = selectDevice$(
-    this.available$,
-    videoInputSetting.value$,
-  ).pipe(
-    map((id) => (id === undefined ? undefined : { id })),
-    this.scope.state(),
+  public readonly available$ = this.scope.behavior(
+    availableRawDevices$(
+      "videoinput",
+      this.usingNames$,
+      this.scope,
+      this.logger,
+    ).pipe(map(buildDeviceMap)),
+  );
+  public readonly selected$ = this.scope.behavior(
+    selectDevice$(this.available$, videoInputSetting.value$).pipe(
+      map((id) => (id === undefined ? undefined : { id })),
+    ),
  );
-
  public select(id: string): void {
    videoInputSetting.setValue(id);
  }

  public constructor(
-    private readonly usingNames$: Observable<boolean>,
+    private readonly usingNames$: Behavior<boolean>,
    private readonly scope: ObservableScope,
  ) {
    // This also has the purpose of subscribing to the available devices
    this.available$.subscribe((available) => {
-      logger.info("[video-input] available devices:", available);
+      this.logger.info("[video-input] available devices:", available);
    });
  }
 }
@@ -378,12 +419,10 @@ export class MediaDevices {
  // you to do to receive device names in lieu of a more explicit permissions
  // API. This flag never resets to false, because once permissions are granted
  // the first time, the user won't be prompted again until reload of the page.
-  private readonly usingNames$ = this.deviceNamesRequest$.pipe(
-    map(() => true),
-    startWith(false),
-    this.scope.state(),
+  private readonly usingNames$ = this.scope.behavior(
+    this.deviceNamesRequest$.pipe(map(() => true)),
+    false,
  );
-
  public readonly audioInput: MediaDevice<
    DeviceLabel,
    SelectedAudioInputDevice
@@ -393,7 +432,7 @@ export class MediaDevices {
    AudioOutputDeviceLabel,
    SelectedAudioOutputDevice
  > = getUrlParams().controlledAudioDevices
-    ? new ControlledAudioOutput(this.scope)
+    ? new ControlledAudioOutput(this.usingNames$, this.scope)
    : new AudioOutput(this.usingNames$, this.scope);

  public readonly videoInput: MediaDevice<DeviceLabel, SelectedDevice> =
--- a/src/state/MediaViewModel.test.ts
+++ b/src/state/MediaViewModel.test.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ Please see LICENSE in the repository root for full details.
 */

 import { expect, onTestFinished, test, vi } from "vitest";
-import { of } from "rxjs";
 import {
  type LocalTrackPublication,
  LocalVideoTrack,
@@ -23,6 +22,7 @@ import {
  withTestScheduler,
 } from "../utils/test";
 import { getValue } from "../utils/observable";
+import { constant } from "./Behavior";

 global.MediaStreamTrack = class {} as unknown as {
  new (): MediaStreamTrack;
@@ -174,8 +174,8 @@ test("switch cameras", async () => {
    }),
    mockMediaDevices({
      videoInput: {
-        available$: of(new Map()),
-        selected$: of(undefined),
+        available$: constant(new Map()),
+        selected$: constant(undefined),
        select: selectVideoInput,
      },
    }),
--- a/src/state/MediaViewModel.ts
+++ b/src/state/MediaViewModel.ts
@@ -55,26 +55,19 @@ import { E2eeType } from "../e2ee/e2eeType";
 import { type ReactionOption } from "../reactions";
 import { platform } from "../Platform";
 import { type MediaDevices } from "./MediaDevices";
+import { type Behavior } from "./Behavior";

 export function observeTrackReference$(
-  participant$: Observable<Participant | undefined>,
+  participant: Participant,
  source: Track.Source,
-): Observable<TrackReferenceOrPlaceholder | undefined> {
-  return participant$.pipe(
-    switchMap((p) => {
-      if (p) {
-        return observeParticipantMedia(p).pipe(
-          map(() => ({
-            participant: p,
-            publication: p.getTrackPublication(source),
-            source,
-          })),
-          distinctUntilKeyChanged("publication"),
-        );
-      } else {
-        return of(undefined);
-      }
-    }),
+): Observable<TrackReferenceOrPlaceholder> {
+  return observeParticipantMedia(participant).pipe(
+    map(() => ({
+      participant: participant,
+      publication: participant.getTrackPublication(source),
+      source,
+    })),
+    distinctUntilKeyChanged("publication"),
  );
 }

@@ -86,7 +79,7 @@ export function observeRtpStreamStats$(
  RTCInboundRtpStreamStats | RTCOutboundRtpStreamStats | undefined
 > {
  return combineLatest([
-    observeTrackReference$(of(participant), source),
+    observeTrackReference$(participant, source),
    interval(1000).pipe(startWith(0)),
  ]).pipe(
    switchMap(async ([trackReference]) => {
@@ -227,19 +220,31 @@ abstract class BaseMediaViewModel extends ViewModel {
  /**
   * The LiveKit video track for this media.
   */
-  public readonly video$: Observable<TrackReferenceOrPlaceholder | undefined>;
+  public readonly video$: Behavior<TrackReferenceOrPlaceholder | undefined>;
  /**
   * Whether there should be a warning that this media is unencrypted.
   */
-  public readonly unencryptedWarning$: Observable<boolean>;
+  public readonly unencryptedWarning$: Behavior<boolean>;

-  public readonly encryptionStatus$: Observable<EncryptionStatus>;
+  public readonly encryptionStatus$: Behavior<EncryptionStatus>;

  /**
   * Whether this media corresponds to the local participant.
   */
  public abstract readonly local: boolean;

+  private observeTrackReference$(
+    source: Track.Source,
+  ): Behavior<TrackReferenceOrPlaceholder | undefined> {
+    return this.scope.behavior(
+      this.participant$.pipe(
+        switchMap((p) =>
+          p === undefined ? of(undefined) : observeTrackReference$(p, source),
+        ),
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+
  public constructor(
    /**
     * An opaque identifier for this media.
@@ -261,84 +266,85 @@ abstract class BaseMediaViewModel extends ViewModel {
    audioSource: AudioSource,
    videoSource: VideoSource,
    livekitRoom: LivekitRoom,
-    public readonly displayname$: Observable<string>,
+    public readonly displayName$: Behavior<string>,
  ) {
    super();
-    const audio$ = observeTrackReference$(participant$, audioSource).pipe(
-      this.scope.state(),
-    );
-    this.video$ = observeTrackReference$(participant$, videoSource).pipe(
-      this.scope.state(),
-    );
-    this.unencryptedWarning$ = combineLatest(
-      [audio$, this.video$],
-      (a, v) =>
-        encryptionSystem.kind !== E2eeType.NONE &&
-        (a?.publication?.isEncrypted === false ||
-          v?.publication?.isEncrypted === false),
-    ).pipe(this.scope.state());

-    this.encryptionStatus$ = this.participant$.pipe(
-      switchMap((participant): Observable<EncryptionStatus> => {
-        if (!participant) {
-          return of(EncryptionStatus.Connecting);
-        } else if (
-          participant.isLocal ||
-          encryptionSystem.kind === E2eeType.NONE
-        ) {
-          return of(EncryptionStatus.Okay);
-        } else if (encryptionSystem.kind === E2eeType.PER_PARTICIPANT) {
-          return combineLatest([
-            encryptionErrorObservable$(
-              livekitRoom,
-              participant,
-              encryptionSystem,
-              "MissingKey",
-            ),
-            encryptionErrorObservable$(
-              livekitRoom,
-              participant,
-              encryptionSystem,
-              "InvalidKey",
-            ),
-            observeRemoteTrackReceivingOkay$(participant, audioSource),
-            observeRemoteTrackReceivingOkay$(participant, videoSource),
-          ]).pipe(
-            map(([keyMissing, keyInvalid, audioOkay, videoOkay]) => {
-              if (keyMissing) return EncryptionStatus.KeyMissing;
-              if (keyInvalid) return EncryptionStatus.KeyInvalid;
-              if (audioOkay || videoOkay) return EncryptionStatus.Okay;
-              return undefined; // no change
-            }),
-            filter((x) => !!x),
-            startWith(EncryptionStatus.Connecting),
-          );
-        } else {
-          return combineLatest([
-            encryptionErrorObservable$(
-              livekitRoom,
-              participant,
-              encryptionSystem,
-              "InvalidKey",
-            ),
-            observeRemoteTrackReceivingOkay$(participant, audioSource),
-            observeRemoteTrackReceivingOkay$(participant, videoSource),
-          ]).pipe(
-            map(
-              ([keyInvalid, audioOkay, videoOkay]):
-                | EncryptionStatus
-                | undefined => {
-                if (keyInvalid) return EncryptionStatus.PasswordInvalid;
+    const audio$ = this.observeTrackReference$(audioSource);
+    this.video$ = this.observeTrackReference$(videoSource);
+
+    this.unencryptedWarning$ = this.scope.behavior(
+      combineLatest(
+        [audio$, this.video$],
+        (a, v) =>
+          encryptionSystem.kind !== E2eeType.NONE &&
+          (a?.publication?.isEncrypted === false ||
+            v?.publication?.isEncrypted === false),
+      ),
+    );
+
+    this.encryptionStatus$ = this.scope.behavior(
+      this.participant$.pipe(
+        switchMap((participant): Observable<EncryptionStatus> => {
+          if (!participant) {
+            return of(EncryptionStatus.Connecting);
+          } else if (
+            participant.isLocal ||
+            encryptionSystem.kind === E2eeType.NONE
+          ) {
+            return of(EncryptionStatus.Okay);
+          } else if (encryptionSystem.kind === E2eeType.PER_PARTICIPANT) {
+            return combineLatest([
+              encryptionErrorObservable$(
+                livekitRoom,
+                participant,
+                encryptionSystem,
+                "MissingKey",
+              ),
+              encryptionErrorObservable$(
+                livekitRoom,
+                participant,
+                encryptionSystem,
+                "InvalidKey",
+              ),
+              observeRemoteTrackReceivingOkay$(participant, audioSource),
+              observeRemoteTrackReceivingOkay$(participant, videoSource),
+            ]).pipe(
+              map(([keyMissing, keyInvalid, audioOkay, videoOkay]) => {
+                if (keyMissing) return EncryptionStatus.KeyMissing;
+                if (keyInvalid) return EncryptionStatus.KeyInvalid;
                if (audioOkay || videoOkay) return EncryptionStatus.Okay;
                return undefined; // no change
-              },
-            ),
-            filter((x) => !!x),
-            startWith(EncryptionStatus.Connecting),
-          );
-        }
-      }),
-      this.scope.state(),
+              }),
+              filter((x) => !!x),
+              startWith(EncryptionStatus.Connecting),
+            );
+          } else {
+            return combineLatest([
+              encryptionErrorObservable$(
+                livekitRoom,
+                participant,
+                encryptionSystem,
+                "InvalidKey",
+              ),
+              observeRemoteTrackReceivingOkay$(participant, audioSource),
+              observeRemoteTrackReceivingOkay$(participant, videoSource),
+            ]).pipe(
+              map(
+                ([keyInvalid, audioOkay, videoOkay]):
+                  | EncryptionStatus
+                  | undefined => {
+                  if (keyInvalid) return EncryptionStatus.PasswordInvalid;
+                  if (audioOkay || videoOkay) return EncryptionStatus.Okay;
+                  return undefined; // no change
+                },
+              ),
+              filter((x) => !!x),
+              startWith(EncryptionStatus.Connecting),
+            );
+          }
+        }),
+      ),
    );
  }
 }
@@ -358,31 +364,33 @@ abstract class BaseUserMediaViewModel extends BaseMediaViewModel {
  /**
   * Whether the participant is speaking.
   */
-  public readonly speaking$ = this.participant$.pipe(
-    switchMap((p) =>
-      p
-        ? observeParticipantEvents(p, ParticipantEvent.IsSpeakingChanged).pipe(
-            map((p) => p.isSpeaking),
-          )
-        : of(false),
+  public readonly speaking$ = this.scope.behavior(
+    this.participant$.pipe(
+      switchMap((p) =>
+        p
+          ? observeParticipantEvents(
+              p,
+              ParticipantEvent.IsSpeakingChanged,
+            ).pipe(map((p) => p.isSpeaking))
+          : of(false),
+      ),
    ),
-    this.scope.state(),
  );

  /**
   * Whether this participant is sending audio (i.e. is unmuted on their side).
   */
-  public readonly audioEnabled$: Observable<boolean>;
+  public readonly audioEnabled$: Behavior<boolean>;
  /**
   * Whether this participant is sending video.
   */
-  public readonly videoEnabled$: Observable<boolean>;
+  public readonly videoEnabled$: Behavior<boolean>;

  private readonly _cropVideo$ = new BehaviorSubject(true);
  /**
   * Whether the tile video should be contained inside the tile or be cropped to fit.
   */
-  public readonly cropVideo$: Observable<boolean> = this._cropVideo$;
+  public readonly cropVideo$: Behavior<boolean> = this._cropVideo$;

  public constructor(
    id: string,
@@ -390,9 +398,9 @@ abstract class BaseUserMediaViewModel extends BaseMediaViewModel {
    participant$: Observable<LocalParticipant | RemoteParticipant | undefined>,
    encryptionSystem: EncryptionSystem,
    livekitRoom: LivekitRoom,
-    displayname$: Observable<string>,
-    public readonly handRaised$: Observable<Date | null>,
-    public readonly reaction$: Observable<ReactionOption | null>,
+    displayName$: Behavior<string>,
+    public readonly handRaised$: Behavior<Date | null>,
+    public readonly reaction$: Behavior<ReactionOption | null>,
  ) {
    super(
      id,
@@ -402,18 +410,19 @@ abstract class BaseUserMediaViewModel extends BaseMediaViewModel {
      Track.Source.Microphone,
      Track.Source.Camera,
      livekitRoom,
-      displayname$,
+      displayName$,
    );

-    const media$ = participant$.pipe(
-      switchMap((p) => (p && observeParticipantMedia(p)) ?? of(undefined)),
-      this.scope.state(),
+    const media$ = this.scope.behavior(
+      participant$.pipe(
+        switchMap((p) => (p && observeParticipantMedia(p)) ?? of(undefined)),
+      ),
    );
-    this.audioEnabled$ = media$.pipe(
-      map((m) => m?.microphoneTrack?.isMuted === false),
+    this.audioEnabled$ = this.scope.behavior(
+      media$.pipe(map((m) => m?.microphoneTrack?.isMuted === false)),
    );
-    this.videoEnabled$ = media$.pipe(
-      map((m) => m?.cameraTrack?.isMuted === false),
+    this.videoEnabled$ = this.scope.behavior(
+      media$.pipe(map((m) => m?.cameraTrack?.isMuted === false)),
    );
  }

@@ -460,13 +469,15 @@ export class LocalUserMediaViewModel extends BaseUserMediaViewModel {
  /**
   * Whether the video should be mirrored.
   */
-  public readonly mirror$ = this.videoTrack$.pipe(
-    // Mirror only front-facing cameras (those that face the user)
-    map(
-      (track) =>
-        track !== null && facingModeFromLocalTrack(track).facingMode === "user",
+  public readonly mirror$ = this.scope.behavior(
+    this.videoTrack$.pipe(
+      // Mirror only front-facing cameras (those that face the user)
+      map(
+        (track) =>
+          track !== null &&
+          facingModeFromLocalTrack(track).facingMode === "user",
+      ),
    ),
-    this.scope.state(),
  );

  /**
@@ -479,46 +490,48 @@ export class LocalUserMediaViewModel extends BaseUserMediaViewModel {
  /**
   * Callback for switching between the front and back cameras.
   */
-  public readonly switchCamera$: Observable<(() => void) | null> =
-    platform === "desktop"
-      ? of(null)
-      : this.videoTrack$.pipe(
-          map((track) => {
-            if (track === null) return null;
-            const facingMode = facingModeFromLocalTrack(track).facingMode;
-            // If the camera isn't front or back-facing, don't provide a switch
-            // camera shortcut at all
-            if (facingMode !== "user" && facingMode !== "environment")
-              return null;
-            // Restart the track with a camera facing the opposite direction
-            return (): void =>
-              void track
-                .restartTrack({
-                  facingMode: facingMode === "user" ? "environment" : "user",
-                })
-                .then(() => {
-                  // Inform the MediaDevices which camera was chosen
-                  const deviceId =
-                    track.mediaStreamTrack.getSettings().deviceId;
-                  if (deviceId !== undefined)
-                    this.mediaDevices.videoInput.select(deviceId);
-                })
-                .catch((e) =>
-                  logger.error("Failed to switch camera", facingMode, e),
-                );
-          }),
-        );
+  public readonly switchCamera$: Behavior<(() => void) | null> =
+    this.scope.behavior(
+      platform === "desktop"
+        ? of(null)
+        : this.videoTrack$.pipe(
+            map((track) => {
+              if (track === null) return null;
+              const facingMode = facingModeFromLocalTrack(track).facingMode;
+              // If the camera isn't front or back-facing, don't provide a switch
+              // camera shortcut at all
+              if (facingMode !== "user" && facingMode !== "environment")
+                return null;
+              // Restart the track with a camera facing the opposite direction
+              return (): void =>
+                void track
+                  .restartTrack({
+                    facingMode: facingMode === "user" ? "environment" : "user",
+                  })
+                  .then(() => {
+                    // Inform the MediaDevices which camera was chosen
+                    const deviceId =
+                      track.mediaStreamTrack.getSettings().deviceId;
+                    if (deviceId !== undefined)
+                      this.mediaDevices.videoInput.select(deviceId);
+                  })
+                  .catch((e) =>
+                    logger.error("Failed to switch camera", facingMode, e),
+                  );
+            }),
+          ),
+    );

  public constructor(
    id: string,
    member: RoomMember | undefined,
-    participant$: Observable<LocalParticipant | undefined>,
+    participant$: Behavior<LocalParticipant | undefined>,
    encryptionSystem: EncryptionSystem,
    livekitRoom: LivekitRoom,
    private readonly mediaDevices: MediaDevices,
-    displayname$: Observable<string>,
-    handRaised$: Observable<Date | null>,
-    reaction$: Observable<ReactionOption | null>,
+    displayName$: Behavior<string>,
+    handRaised$: Behavior<Date | null>,
+    reaction$: Behavior<ReactionOption | null>,
  ) {
    super(
      id,
@@ -526,7 +539,7 @@ export class LocalUserMediaViewModel extends BaseUserMediaViewModel {
      participant$,
      encryptionSystem,
      livekitRoom,
-      displayname$,
+      displayName$,
      handRaised$,
      reaction$,
    );
@@ -565,42 +578,42 @@ export class RemoteUserMediaViewModel extends BaseUserMediaViewModel {
   * The volume to which this participant's audio is set, as a scalar
   * multiplier.
   */
-  public readonly localVolume$: Observable<number> = merge(
-    this.locallyMutedToggle$.pipe(map(() => "toggle mute" as const)),
-    this.localVolumeAdjustment$,
-    this.localVolumeCommit$.pipe(map(() => "commit" as const)),
-  ).pipe(
-    accumulate({ volume: 1, committedVolume: 1 }, (state, event) => {
-      switch (event) {
-        case "toggle mute":
-          return {
-            ...state,
-            volume: state.volume === 0 ? state.committedVolume : 0,
-          };
-        case "commit":
-          // Dragging the slider to zero should have the same effect as
-          // muting: keep the original committed volume, as if it were never
-          // dragged
-          return {
-            ...state,
-            committedVolume:
-              state.volume === 0 ? state.committedVolume : state.volume,
-          };
-        default:
-          // Volume adjustment
-          return { ...state, volume: event };
-      }
-    }),
-    map(({ volume }) => volume),
-    this.scope.state(),
+  public readonly localVolume$ = this.scope.behavior<number>(
+    merge(
+      this.locallyMutedToggle$.pipe(map(() => "toggle mute" as const)),
+      this.localVolumeAdjustment$,
+      this.localVolumeCommit$.pipe(map(() => "commit" as const)),
+    ).pipe(
+      accumulate({ volume: 1, committedVolume: 1 }, (state, event) => {
+        switch (event) {
+          case "toggle mute":
+            return {
+              ...state,
+              volume: state.volume === 0 ? state.committedVolume : 0,
+            };
+          case "commit":
+            // Dragging the slider to zero should have the same effect as
+            // muting: keep the original committed volume, as if it were never
+            // dragged
+            return {
+              ...state,
+              committedVolume:
+                state.volume === 0 ? state.committedVolume : state.volume,
+            };
+          default:
+            // Volume adjustment
+            return { ...state, volume: event };
+        }
+      }),
+      map(({ volume }) => volume),
+    ),
  );

  /**
   * Whether this participant's audio is disabled.
   */
-  public readonly locallyMuted$: Observable<boolean> = this.localVolume$.pipe(
-    map((volume) => volume === 0),
-    this.scope.state(),
+  public readonly locallyMuted$ = this.scope.behavior<boolean>(
+    this.localVolume$.pipe(map((volume) => volume === 0)),
  );

  public constructor(
@@ -609,9 +622,9 @@ export class RemoteUserMediaViewModel extends BaseUserMediaViewModel {
    participant$: Observable<RemoteParticipant | undefined>,
    encryptionSystem: EncryptionSystem,
    livekitRoom: LivekitRoom,
-    displayname$: Observable<string>,
-    handRaised$: Observable<Date | null>,
-    reaction$: Observable<ReactionOption | null>,
+    displayname$: Behavior<string>,
+    handRaised$: Behavior<Date | null>,
+    reaction$: Behavior<ReactionOption | null>,
  ) {
    super(
      id,
@@ -674,7 +687,7 @@ export class ScreenShareViewModel extends BaseMediaViewModel {
    participant$: Observable<LocalParticipant | RemoteParticipant>,
    encryptionSystem: EncryptionSystem,
    livekitRoom: LivekitRoom,
-    displayname$: Observable<string>,
+    displayname$: Behavior<string>,
    public readonly local: boolean,
  ) {
    super(
--- a/src/state/MuteAllAudioModel.test.ts
+++ b/src/state/MuteAllAudioModel.test.ts
@@ -26,11 +26,9 @@ test("muteAllAudio$", () => {

  muteAllAudio.unsubscribe();

-  expect(valueMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(6);
+  expect(valueMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(4);
  expect(valueMock).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(1, false); // startWith([false, muteAllAudioSetting.getValue()]);
  expect(valueMock).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(2, true); // setAudioEnabled$.next(false);
  expect(valueMock).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(3, false); // setAudioEnabled$.next(true);
-  expect(valueMock).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(4, false); // muteAllAudioSetting.setValue(false);
-  expect(valueMock).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(5, true); // muteAllAudioSetting.setValue(true);
-  expect(valueMock).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(6, true); // setAudioEnabled$.next(false);
+  expect(valueMock).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(4, true); // muteAllAudioSetting.setValue(true);
 });
--- a/src/state/MuteAllAudioModel.ts
+++ b/src/state/MuteAllAudioModel.ts
@@ -9,11 +9,14 @@ import { combineLatest, startWith } from "rxjs";

 import { setAudioEnabled$ } from "../controls";
 import { muteAllAudio as muteAllAudioSetting } from "../settings/settings";
+import { globalScope } from "./ObservableScope";

 /**
 * This can transition into sth more complete: `GroupCallViewModel.ts`
 */
-export const muteAllAudio$ = combineLatest(
-  [setAudioEnabled$.pipe(startWith(true)), muteAllAudioSetting.value$],
-  (outputEnabled, settingsMute) => !outputEnabled || settingsMute,
+export const muteAllAudio$ = globalScope.behavior(
+  combineLatest(
+    [setAudioEnabled$.pipe(startWith(true)), muteAllAudioSetting.value$],
+    (outputEnabled, settingsMute) => !outputEnabled || settingsMute,
+  ),
 );
--- a/src/state/ObservableScope.ts
+++ b/src/state/ObservableScope.ts
@@ -6,15 +6,19 @@ Please see LICENSE in the repository root for full details.
 */

 import {
+  BehaviorSubject,
  distinctUntilChanged,
  type Observable,
-  shareReplay,
  Subject,
  takeUntil,
 } from "rxjs";

+import { type Behavior } from "./Behavior";
+
 type MonoTypeOperator = <T>(o: Observable<T>) => Observable<T>;

+const nothing = Symbol("nothing");
+
 /**
 * A scope which limits the execution lifetime of its bound Observables.
 */
@@ -31,20 +35,31 @@ export class ObservableScope {
    return this.bindImpl;
  }

-  private readonly stateImpl: MonoTypeOperator = (o$) =>
-    o$.pipe(
-      this.bind(),
-      distinctUntilChanged(),
-      shareReplay({ bufferSize: 1, refCount: false }),
-    );
-
  /**
-   * Transforms an Observable into a hot state Observable which replays its
-   * latest value upon subscription, skips updates with identical values, and
-   * is bound to this scope.
+   * Converts an Observable to a Behavior. If no initial value is specified, the
+   * Observable must synchronously emit an initial value.
   */
-  public state(): MonoTypeOperator {
-    return this.stateImpl;
+  public behavior<T>(
+    setValue$: Observable<T>,
+    initialValue: T | typeof nothing = nothing,
+  ): Behavior<T> {
+    const subject$ = new BehaviorSubject(initialValue);
+    // Push values from the Observable into the BehaviorSubject.
+    // BehaviorSubjects have an undesirable feature where if you call 'complete',
+    // they will no longer re-emit their current value upon subscription. We want
+    // to support Observables that complete (for example `of({})`), so we have to
+    // take care to not propagate the completion event.
+    setValue$.pipe(this.bind(), distinctUntilChanged()).subscribe({
+      next(value) {
+        subject$.next(value);
+      },
+      error(err: unknown) {
+        subject$.error(err);
+      },
+    });
+    if (subject$.value === nothing)
+      throw new Error("Behavior failed to synchronously emit an initial value");
+    return subject$ as Behavior<T>;
  }

  /**
@@ -55,3 +70,8 @@ export class ObservableScope {
    this.ended$.complete();
  }
 }
+
+/**
+ * The global scope, a scope which never ends.
+ */
+export const globalScope = new ObservableScope();
--- a/src/state/TileViewModel.ts
+++ b/src/state/TileViewModel.ts
@@ -5,10 +5,9 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only OR LicenseRef-Element-Commercial
 Please see LICENSE in the repository root for full details.
 */

-import { type Observable } from "rxjs";
-
 import { ViewModel } from "./ViewModel";
 import { type MediaViewModel, type UserMediaViewModel } from "./MediaViewModel";
+import { type Behavior } from "./Behavior";

 let nextId = 0;
 function createId(): string {
@@ -18,15 +17,15 @@ function createId(): string {
 export class GridTileViewModel extends ViewModel {
  public readonly id = createId();

-  public constructor(public readonly media$: Observable<UserMediaViewModel>) {
+  public constructor(public readonly media$: Behavior<UserMediaViewModel>) {
    super();
  }
 }

 export class SpotlightTileViewModel extends ViewModel {
  public constructor(
-    public readonly media$: Observable<MediaViewModel[]>,
-    public readonly maximised$: Observable<boolean>,
+    public readonly media$: Behavior<MediaViewModel[]>,
+    public readonly maximised$: Behavior<boolean>,
  ) {
    super();
  }
--- a/src/tile/GridTile.test.tsx
+++ b/src/tile/GridTile.test.tsx
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import { type RemoteTrackPublication } from "livekit-client";
 import { test, expect } from "vitest";
 import { render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
 import { axe } from "vitest-axe";
-import { of } from "rxjs";
 import { type MatrixRTCSession } from "matrix-js-sdk/lib/matrixrtc";

 import { GridTile } from "./GridTile";
@@ -17,6 +16,7 @@ import { mockRtcMembership, withRemoteMedia } from "../utils/test";
 import { GridTileViewModel } from "../state/TileViewModel";
 import { ReactionsSenderProvider } from "../reactions/useReactionsSender";
 import type { CallViewModel } from "../state/CallViewModel";
+import { constant } from "../state/Behavior";

 global.IntersectionObserver = class MockIntersectionObserver {
  public observe(): void {}
@@ -53,13 +53,13 @@ test("GridTile is accessible", async () => {
        memberships: [],
      } as unknown as MatrixRTCSession;
      const cVm = {
-        reactions$: of({}),
-        handsRaised$: of({}),
+        reactions$: constant({}),
+        handsRaised$: constant({}),
      } as Partial<CallViewModel> as CallViewModel;
      const { container } = render(
        <ReactionsSenderProvider vm={cVm} rtcSession={fakeRtcSession}>
          <GridTile
-            vm={new GridTileViewModel(of(vm))}
+            vm={new GridTileViewModel(constant(vm))}
            onOpenProfile={() => {}}
            targetWidth={300}
            targetHeight={200}
--- a/src/tile/GridTile.tsx
+++ b/src/tile/GridTile.tsx
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ import {
  ToggleMenuItem,
  Menu,
 } from "@vector-im/compound-web";
-import { useObservableEagerState, useObservableState } from "observable-hooks";
+import { useObservableEagerState } from "observable-hooks";

 import styles from "./GridTile.module.css";
 import {
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ import { useLatest } from "../useLatest";
 import { type GridTileViewModel } from "../state/TileViewModel";
 import { useMergedRefs } from "../useMergedRefs";
 import { useReactionsSender } from "../reactions/useReactionsSender";
+import { useBehavior } from "../useBehavior";

 interface TileProps {
  ref?: Ref<HTMLDivElement>;
@@ -84,19 +85,19 @@ const UserMediaTile: FC<UserMediaTileProps> = ({
 }) => {
  const { toggleRaisedHand } = useReactionsSender();
  const { t } = useTranslation();
-  const video = useObservableEagerState(vm.video$);
-  const unencryptedWarning = useObservableEagerState(vm.unencryptedWarning$);
-  const encryptionStatus = useObservableEagerState(vm.encryptionStatus$);
+  const video = useBehavior(vm.video$);
+  const unencryptedWarning = useBehavior(vm.unencryptedWarning$);
+  const encryptionStatus = useBehavior(vm.encryptionStatus$);
  const audioStreamStats = useObservableEagerState<
    RTCInboundRtpStreamStats | RTCOutboundRtpStreamStats | undefined
  >(vm.audioStreamStats$);
  const videoStreamStats = useObservableEagerState<
    RTCInboundRtpStreamStats | RTCOutboundRtpStreamStats | undefined
  >(vm.videoStreamStats$);
-  const audioEnabled = useObservableEagerState(vm.audioEnabled$);
-  const videoEnabled = useObservableEagerState(vm.videoEnabled$);
-  const speaking = useObservableEagerState(vm.speaking$);
-  const cropVideo = useObservableEagerState(vm.cropVideo$);
+  const audioEnabled = useBehavior(vm.audioEnabled$);
+  const videoEnabled = useBehavior(vm.videoEnabled$);
+  const speaking = useBehavior(vm.speaking$);
+  const cropVideo = useBehavior(vm.cropVideo$);
  const onSelectFitContain = useCallback(
    (e: Event) => {
      e.preventDefault();
@@ -104,8 +105,8 @@ const UserMediaTile: FC<UserMediaTileProps> = ({
    },
    [vm],
  );
-  const handRaised = useObservableState(vm.handRaised$);
-  const reaction = useObservableState(vm.reaction$);
+  const handRaised = useBehavior(vm.handRaised$);
+  const reaction = useBehavior(vm.reaction$);

  const AudioIcon = locallyMuted
    ? VolumeOffSolidIcon
@@ -210,9 +211,9 @@ const LocalUserMediaTile: FC<LocalUserMediaTileProps> = ({
  ...props
 }) => {
  const { t } = useTranslation();
-  const mirror = useObservableEagerState(vm.mirror$);
-  const alwaysShow = useObservableEagerState(vm.alwaysShow$);
-  const switchCamera = useObservableEagerState(vm.switchCamera$);
+  const mirror = useBehavior(vm.mirror$);
+  const alwaysShow = useBehavior(vm.alwaysShow$);
+  const switchCamera = useBehavior(vm.switchCamera$);

  const latestAlwaysShow = useLatest(alwaysShow);
  const onSelectAlwaysShow = useCallback(
@@ -274,8 +275,8 @@ const RemoteUserMediaTile: FC<RemoteUserMediaTileProps> = ({
  ...props
 }) => {
  const { t } = useTranslation();
-  const locallyMuted = useObservableEagerState(vm.locallyMuted$);
-  const localVolume = useObservableEagerState(vm.localVolume$);
+  const locallyMuted = useBehavior(vm.locallyMuted$);
+  const localVolume = useBehavior(vm.localVolume$);
  const onSelectMute = useCallback(
    (e: Event) => {
      e.preventDefault();
@@ -346,8 +347,8 @@ export const GridTile: FC<GridTileProps> = ({
 }) => {
  const ourRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
  const ref = useMergedRefs(ourRef, theirRef);
-  const media = useObservableEagerState(vm.media$);
-  const displayName = useObservableEagerState(media.displayname$);
+  const media = useBehavior(vm.media$);
+  const displayName = useBehavior(media.displayName$);

  if (media instanceof LocalUserMediaViewModel) {
    return (
--- a/src/tile/SpotlightTile.module.css
+++ b/src/tile/SpotlightTile.module.css
@@ -88,40 +88,48 @@ Please see LICENSE in the repository root for full details.
  padding: var(--cpd-space-2x);
  border: none;
  border-radius: var(--cpd-radius-pill-effect);
-  background: var(--cpd-color-alpha-gray-1400);
+  background: rgba(from var(--cpd-color-gray-100) r g b / 0.6);
  box-shadow: var(--small-drop-shadow);
  transition:
    opacity 0.15s,
    background-color 0.1s;
-  position: absolute;
  z-index: 1;
  --inset: 6px;
  inset-block-end: var(--inset);
  inset-inline-end: var(--inset);
 }

+.bottomRightButtons {
+  display: flex;
+  gap: var(--cpd-space-2x);
+  position: absolute;
+  inset-block-end: var(--cpd-space-1x);
+  inset-inline-end: var(--cpd-space-1x);
+  z-index: 1;
+}
+
 .expand > svg {
  display: block;
-  color: var(--cpd-color-icon-on-solid-primary);
+  color: var(--cpd-color-icon-primary);
 }

@media (hover) {
  .expand:hover {
-    background: var(--cpd-color-bg-action-primary-hovered);
+    background: var(--cpd-color-gray-400);
  }
 }

 .expand:active {
-  background: var(--cpd-color-bg-action-primary-pressed);
+  background: var(--cpd-color-gray-100);
 }

@media (hover) {
-  .tile:hover > button {
+  .tile:hover > div > button {
    opacity: 1;
  }
 }

-.tile:has(:focus-visible) > button {
+.tile:has(:focus-visible) > div > button {
  opacity: 1;
 }

--- a/src/tile/SpotlightTile.test.tsx
+++ b/src/tile/SpotlightTile.test.tsx
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import { test, expect, vi } from "vitest";
 import { isInaccessible, render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
 import { axe } from "vitest-axe";
 import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
-import { of } from "rxjs";

 import { SpotlightTile } from "./SpotlightTile";
 import {
@@ -20,6 +19,7 @@ import {
  withRemoteMedia,
 } from "../utils/test";
 import { SpotlightTileViewModel } from "../state/TileViewModel";
+import { constant } from "../state/Behavior";

 global.IntersectionObserver = class MockIntersectionObserver {
  public observe(): void {}
@@ -48,7 +48,12 @@ test("SpotlightTile is accessible", async () => {
          const toggleExpanded = vi.fn();
          const { container } = render(
            <SpotlightTile
-              vm={new SpotlightTileViewModel(of([vm1, vm2]), of(false))}
+              vm={
+                new SpotlightTileViewModel(
+                  constant([vm1, vm2]),
+                  constant(false),
+                )
+              }
              targetWidth={300}
              targetHeight={200}
              expanded={false}
--- a/src/tile/SpotlightTile.tsx
+++ b/src/tile/SpotlightTile.tsx
@@ -23,12 +23,14 @@ import {
 } from "@vector-im/compound-design-tokens/assets/web/icons";
 import { animated } from "@react-spring/web";
 import { type Observable, map } from "rxjs";
-import { useObservableEagerState, useObservableRef } from "observable-hooks";
+import { useObservableRef } from "observable-hooks";
 import { useTranslation } from "react-i18next";
 import classNames from "classnames";
 import { type TrackReferenceOrPlaceholder } from "@livekit/components-core";
 import { type RoomMember } from "matrix-js-sdk";

+import FullScreenMaximiseIcon from "../icons/FullScreenMaximise.svg?react";
+import FullScreenMinimiseIcon from "../icons/FullScreenMinimise.svg?react";
 import { MediaView } from "./MediaView";
 import styles from "./SpotlightTile.module.css";
 import {
@@ -43,6 +45,7 @@ import { useMergedRefs } from "../useMergedRefs";
 import { useReactiveState } from "../useReactiveState";
 import { useLatest } from "../useLatest";
 import { type SpotlightTileViewModel } from "../state/TileViewModel";
+import { useBehavior } from "../useBehavior";

 interface SpotlightItemBaseProps {
  ref?: Ref<HTMLDivElement>;
@@ -73,7 +76,7 @@ const SpotlightLocalUserMediaItem: FC<SpotlightLocalUserMediaItemProps> = ({
  vm,
  ...props
 }) => {
-  const mirror = useObservableEagerState(vm.mirror$);
+  const mirror = useBehavior(vm.mirror$);
  return <MediaView mirror={mirror} {...props} />;
 };

@@ -87,8 +90,8 @@ const SpotlightUserMediaItem: FC<SpotlightUserMediaItemProps> = ({
  vm,
  ...props
 }) => {
-  const videoEnabled = useObservableEagerState(vm.videoEnabled$);
-  const cropVideo = useObservableEagerState(vm.cropVideo$);
+  const videoEnabled = useBehavior(vm.videoEnabled$);
+  const cropVideo = useBehavior(vm.cropVideo$);

  const baseProps: SpotlightUserMediaItemBaseProps &
    RefAttributes<HTMLDivElement> = {
@@ -130,10 +133,10 @@ const SpotlightItem: FC<SpotlightItemProps> = ({
 }) => {
  const ourRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
  const ref = useMergedRefs(ourRef, theirRef);
-  const displayName = useObservableEagerState(vm.displayname$);
-  const video = useObservableEagerState(vm.video$);
-  const unencryptedWarning = useObservableEagerState(vm.unencryptedWarning$);
-  const encryptionStatus = useObservableEagerState(vm.encryptionStatus$);
+  const displayName = useBehavior(vm.displayName$);
+  const video = useBehavior(vm.video$);
+  const unencryptedWarning = useBehavior(vm.unencryptedWarning$);
+  const encryptionStatus = useBehavior(vm.encryptionStatus$);

  // Hook this item up to the intersection observer
  useEffect(() => {
@@ -200,8 +203,8 @@ export const SpotlightTile: FC<Props> = ({
  const { t } = useTranslation();
  const [ourRef, root$] = useObservableRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
  const ref = useMergedRefs(ourRef, theirRef);
-  const maximised = useObservableEagerState(vm.maximised$);
-  const media = useObservableEagerState(vm.media$);
+  const maximised = useBehavior(vm.maximised$);
+  const media = useBehavior(vm.media$);
  const [visibleId, setVisibleId] = useState<string | undefined>(media[0]?.id);
  const latestMedia = useLatest(media);
  const latestVisibleId = useLatest(visibleId);
@@ -209,6 +212,26 @@ export const SpotlightTile: FC<Props> = ({
  const canGoBack = visibleIndex > 0;
  const canGoToNext = visibleIndex !== -1 && visibleIndex < media.length - 1;

+  const isFullscreen = useCallback((): boolean => {
+    const rootElement = document.body;
+    if (rootElement && document.fullscreenElement) return true;
+    return false;
+  }, []);
+
+  const FullScreenIcon = isFullscreen()
+    ? FullScreenMinimiseIcon
+    : FullScreenMaximiseIcon;
+
+  const onToggleFullscreen = useCallback(() => {
+    const rootElement = document.body;
+    if (!rootElement) return;
+    if (isFullscreen()) {
+      void document?.exitFullscreen();
+    } else {
+      void rootElement.requestFullscreen();
+    }
+  }, [isFullscreen]);
+
  // To keep track of which item is visible, we need an intersection observer
  // hooked up to the root element and the items. Because the items will run
  // their effects before their parent does, we need to do this dance with an
@@ -291,17 +314,28 @@ export const SpotlightTile: FC<Props> = ({
          />
        ))}
      </div>
-      {onToggleExpanded && (
+      <div className={styles.bottomRightButtons}>
        <button
          className={classNames(styles.expand)}
-          aria-label={
-            expanded ? t("video_tile.collapse") : t("video_tile.expand")
-          }
-          onClick={onToggleExpanded}
+          aria-label={"maximise"}
+          onClick={onToggleFullscreen}
        >
-          <ToggleExpandIcon aria-hidden width={20} height={20} />
+          <FullScreenIcon aria-hidden width={20} height={20} />
        </button>
-      )}
+
+        {onToggleExpanded && (
+          <button
+            className={classNames(styles.expand)}
+            aria-label={
+              expanded ? t("video_tile.collapse") : t("video_tile.expand")
+            }
+            onClick={onToggleExpanded}
+          >
+            <ToggleExpandIcon aria-hidden width={20} height={20} />
+          </button>
+        )}
+      </div>
+
      {canGoToNext && (
        <button
          className={classNames(styles.advance, styles.next)}
--- a/src/useAudioContext.test.tsx
+++ b/src/useAudioContext.test.tsx
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ import { type FC } from "react";
 import { render } from "@testing-library/react";
 import userEvent, { type UserEvent } from "@testing-library/user-event";
 import { BrowserRouter } from "react-router-dom";
-import { of } from "rxjs";

 import { MediaDevicesContext } from "./MediaDevicesContext";
 import { useAudioContext } from "./useAudioContext";
 import { soundEffectVolume as soundEffectVolumeSetting } from "./settings/settings";
 import { mockMediaDevices } from "./utils/test";
+import { constant } from "./state/Behavior";

 const staticSounds = Promise.resolve({
  aSound: new ArrayBuffer(0),
@@ -128,8 +128,8 @@ test("will use the correct device", () => {
    <MediaDevicesContext
      value={mockMediaDevices({
        audioOutput: {
-          available$: of(new Map<never, never>()),
-          selected$: of({ id: "chosen-device", virtualEarpiece: false }),
+          available$: constant(new Map<never, never>()),
+          selected$: constant({ id: "chosen-device", virtualEarpiece: false }),
          select: () => {},
        },
      })}
@@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ test("will use the pan if earpiece is selected", async () => {
    <MediaDevicesContext
      value={mockMediaDevices({
        audioOutput: {
-          available$: of(new Map<never, never>()),
-          selected$: of({ id: "chosen-device", virtualEarpiece: true }),
+          available$: constant(new Map<never, never>()),
+          selected$: constant({ id: "chosen-device", virtualEarpiece: true }),
          select: () => {},
        },
      })}
--- a/src/useBehavior.ts
+++ b/src/useBehavior.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2025 New Vector Ltd.
+
+SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only OR LicenseRef-Element-Commercial
+Please see LICENSE in the repository root for full details.
+*/
+
+import { useCallback, useSyncExternalStore } from "react";
+
+import { type Behavior } from "./state/Behavior";
+
+/**
+ * React hook which reactively reads the value of a behavior.
+ */
+export function useBehavior<T>(behavior: Behavior<T>): T {
+  const subscribe = useCallback(
+    (onChange: () => void) => {
+      const s = behavior.subscribe(onChange);
+      return (): void => s.unsubscribe();
+    },
+    [behavior],
+  );
+  const getValue = useCallback(() => behavior.value, [behavior]);
+  return useSyncExternalStore(subscribe, getValue);
+}
--- a/src/utils/errors.ts
+++ b/src/utils/errors.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ export enum ErrorCode {
  INSUFFICIENT_CAPACITY_ERROR = "INSUFFICIENT_CAPACITY_ERROR",
  E2EE_NOT_SUPPORTED = "E2EE_NOT_SUPPORTED",
  OPEN_ID_ERROR = "OPEN_ID_ERROR",
+  SFU_ERROR = "SFU_ERROR",
  UNKNOWN_ERROR = "UNKNOWN_ERROR",
 }

@@ -129,3 +130,14 @@ export class InsufficientCapacityError extends ElementCallError {
    );
  }
 }
+
+export class SFURoomCreationRestrictedError extends ElementCallError {
+  public constructor() {
+    super(
+      t("error.room_creation_restricted"),
+      ErrorCode.SFU_ERROR,
+      ErrorCategory.CONFIGURATION_ISSUE,
+      t("error.room_creation_restricted_description"),
+    );
+  }
+}
--- a/src/utils/test-fixtures.ts
+++ b/src/utils/test-fixtures.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,11 @@ import {
  mockLocalParticipant,
 } from "./test";

-export const localRtcMember = mockRtcMembership("@carol:example.org", "CCCC");
+export const localRtcMember = mockRtcMembership("@carol:example.org", "1111");
+export const localRtcMemberDevice2 = mockRtcMembership(
+  "@carol:example.org",
+  "2222",
+);
 export const local = mockMatrixRoomMember(localRtcMember);
 export const localParticipant = mockLocalParticipant({ identity: "" });
 export const localId = `${local.userId}:${localRtcMember.deviceId}`;
--- a/src/utils/test-viewmodel.ts
+++ b/src/utils/test-viewmodel.ts
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ export function getBasicCallViewModelEnvironment(
    liveKitRoom,
    mockMediaDevices({}),
    {
-      kind: E2eeType.PER_PARTICIPANT,
+      encryptionSystem: { kind: E2eeType.PER_PARTICIPANT },
    },
    of(ConnectionState.Connected),
    handRaisedSubject$,
--- a/src/utils/test.ts
+++ b/src/utils/test.ts
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ import {
 } from "../config/ConfigOptions";
 import { Config } from "../config/Config";
 import { type MediaDevices } from "../state/MediaDevices";
+import { type Behavior, constant } from "../state/Behavior";
+import { ObservableScope } from "../state/ObservableScope";

 export function withFakeTimers(continuation: () => void): void {
  vi.useFakeTimers();
@@ -67,6 +69,12 @@ export interface OurRunHelpers extends RunHelpers {
   * diagram.
   */
  schedule: (marbles: string, actions: Record<string, () => void>) => void;
+  behavior<T = string>(
+    marbles: string,
+    values?: { [marble: string]: T },
+    error?: unknown,
+  ): Behavior<T>;
+  scope: ObservableScope;
 }

 interface TestRunnerGlobal {
@@ -82,12 +90,14 @@ export function withTestScheduler(
  const scheduler = new TestScheduler((actual, expected) => {
    expect(actual).deep.equals(expected);
  });
+  const scope = new ObservableScope();
  // we set the test scheduler as a global so that you can watch it in a debugger
  // and get the frame number. e.g. `rxjsTestScheduler?.now()`
  (global as unknown as TestRunnerGlobal).rxjsTestScheduler = scheduler;
  scheduler.run((helpers) =>
    continuation({
      ...helpers,
+      scope,
      schedule(marbles, actions) {
        const actionsObservable$ = helpers
          .cold(marbles)
@@ -98,8 +108,36 @@ export function withTestScheduler(
        // Run the actions and verify that none of them error
        helpers.expectObservable(actionsObservable$).toBe(marbles, results);
      },
+      behavior<T>(
+        marbles: string,
+        values?: { [marble: string]: T },
+        error?: unknown,
+      ) {
+        // Generate a hot Observable with helpers.hot and use it as a Behavior.
+        // To do this, we need to ensure that the initial value emits
+        // synchronously upon subscription. The issue is that helpers.hot emits
+        // frame 0 of the marble diagram *asynchronously*, only once we return
+        // from the continuation, so we need to splice out the initial marble
+        // and turn it into a proper initial value.
+        const initialMarbleIndex = marbles.search(/[^ ]/);
+        if (initialMarbleIndex === -1)
+          throw new Error("Behavior must have an initial value");
+        const initialMarble = marbles[initialMarbleIndex];
+        const initialValue =
+          values === undefined ? (initialMarble as T) : values[initialMarble];
+        // The remainder of the marble diagram should start on frame 1
+        return scope.behavior(
+          helpers.hot(
+            `-${marbles.slice(initialMarbleIndex + 1)}`,
+            values,
+            error,
+          ),
+          initialValue,
+        );
+      },
    }),
  );
+  scope.end();
 }

 interface EmitterMock<T> {
@@ -212,15 +250,15 @@ export async function withLocalMedia(
  const vm = new LocalUserMediaViewModel(
    "local",
    mockMatrixRoomMember(localRtcMember, roomMember),
-    of(localParticipant),
+    constant(localParticipant),
    {
      kind: E2eeType.PER_PARTICIPANT,
    },
    mockLivekitRoom({ localParticipant }),
    mediaDevices,
-    of(roomMember.rawDisplayName ?? "nodisplayname"),
-    of(null),
-    of(null),
+    constant(roomMember.rawDisplayName ?? "nodisplayname"),
+    constant(null),
+    constant(null),
  );
  try {
    await continuation(vm);
@@ -257,9 +295,9 @@ export async function withRemoteMedia(
      kind: E2eeType.PER_PARTICIPANT,
    },
    mockLivekitRoom({}, { remoteParticipants$: of([remoteParticipant]) }),
-    of(roomMember.rawDisplayName ?? "nodisplayname"),
-    of(null),
-    of(null),
+    constant(roomMember.rawDisplayName ?? "nodisplayname"),
+    constant(null),
+    constant(null),
  );
  try {
    await continuation(vm);
@@ -301,7 +339,7 @@ export class MockRTCSession extends TypedEventEmitter<
  }

  public withMemberships(
-    rtcMembers$: Observable<Partial<CallMembership>[]>,
+    rtcMembers$: Behavior<Partial<CallMembership>[]>,
  ): MockRTCSession {
    rtcMembers$.subscribe((m) => {
      const old = this.memberships;
--- a/src/widget.ts
+++ b/src/widget.ts
@@ -106,6 +106,10 @@ export const widget = ((): WidgetHelpers | null => {
      if (!baseUrl) throw new Error("Base URL must be supplied");

      // These are all the event types the app uses
+      const sendEvent = [
+        EventType.CallNotify, // Sent as a deprecated fallback
+        EventType.RTCNotification,
+      ];
      const sendRecvEvent = [
        "org.matrix.rageshake_request",
        EventType.CallEncryptionKeysPrefix,
@@ -129,6 +133,7 @@ export const widget = ((): WidgetHelpers | null => {
        { eventType: EventType.RoomEncryption },
        { eventType: EventType.GroupCallMemberPrefix },
      ];
+
      const sendRecvToDevice = [
        EventType.CallInvite,
        EventType.CallCandidates,
@@ -146,7 +151,7 @@ export const widget = ((): WidgetHelpers | null => {
      const client = createRoomWidgetClient(
        api,
        {
-          sendEvent: sendRecvEvent,
+          sendEvent: [...sendEvent, ...sendRecvEvent],
          receiveEvent: sendRecvEvent,
          sendState,
          receiveState,
--- a/yarn.lock
+++ b/yarn.lock